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Advancing Immunotherapy in Cervical Cancer

2026-03Recensão Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorAntunes, Sofia Carralas
dc.contributor.authorNogueira, Joana
dc.contributor.authorPinto, Daniel Gomes
dc.contributor.authorde Carvalho, Leda Viegas
dc.contributor.institutionNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM)
dc.contributor.pblMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-15T15:41:02Z
dc.date.available2026-04-15T15:41:02Z
dc.date.issued2026-03
dc.descriptionPublisher Copyright: © 2026 by the authors.
dc.description.abstractCervical cancer is strongly associated with persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Recent advances in immunotherapy have redefined the therapeutic landscape of this disease. We aim to review the biological rationale, clinical evidence, and biomarker standardization supporting the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cervical cancer. A comprehensive review of recent literature and pivotal phase II–III clinical trials was performed, focusing on the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways, mechanisms of immune evasion, and predictive biomarkers. Persistent HPV infection leads to immune dysregulation and PD-L1 upregulation through E6/E7-mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways. ICIs have demonstrated significant improvements in overall survival, progression-free survival, and objective response rates in advanced and recurrent disease. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry using standardized assays such as 22C3 pharmDx and SP263 remains the key biomarker for treatment selection, while emerging molecular markers (TMB, MSI, HLA-I expression) are under investigation. Immunotherapy represents a major step forward in cervical cancer management, integrating molecular diagnostics and immune modulation into clinical practice. Continued efforts to refine biomarkers, optimize combination strategies, and expand global access will be essential to achieve equitable outcomes and disease elimination goals.en
dc.description.versionpublishersversion
dc.description.versionpublished
dc.format.extent8828465
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/onco6010009
dc.identifier.issn2673-7523
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 160338593
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: e4b681aa-2fe0-4ed1-8550-18d9b3153f1a
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 105034291850
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/202262
dc.identifier.urlhttps://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105034291850
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.subjectbiomarkers
dc.subjectcervical cancer
dc.subjectHPV
dc.subjectimmune checkpoint inhibitors
dc.subjectimmunotherapy
dc.subjectpathology
dc.subjectPD-L1
dc.subjectpembrolizumab
dc.subjecttumor microenvironment
dc.subjectOncology
dc.subjectNutrition and Dietetics
dc.subjectFood Science
dc.subjectSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being
dc.titleAdvancing Immunotherapy in Cervical Canceren
dc.title.subtitleBiological Rationale, Clinical Evidence, and Biomarker Standardizationen
dc.typereview
degois.publication.issue1
degois.publication.titleOnco
degois.publication.volume6
dspace.entity.typePublication
rcaap.rightsopenAccess

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