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Liquid Metal–Polymer Hydrogel Composites for Sustainable Electronics

2025-02-15Recensão Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorHajalilou, Abdollah
dc.contributor.institutionFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT)
dc.contributor.pblMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-18T22:02:21Z
dc.date.available2025-09-18T22:02:21Z
dc.date.issued2025-02-15
dc.descriptionPublisher Copyright: © 2025 by the author.
dc.description.abstractHydrogels, renowned for their hydrophilic and viscoelastic properties, have emerged as key materials for flexible electronics, including electronic skins, wearable devices, and soft sensors. However, the application of pure double network hydrogel-based composites is limited by their poor chemical stability, low mechanical stretchability, and low sensitivity. Recent research has focused on overcoming these limitations by incorporating conductive fillers, such as liquid metals (LMs), into hydrogel matrices or creating continuous conductive paths through LMs within the polymer matrix. LMs, including eutectic gallium and indium (EGaIn) alloys, offer exceptional electromechanical, electrochemical, thermal conductivity, and self-repairing properties, making them ideal candidates for diverse soft electronic applications. The integration of LMs into hydrogels improves conductivity and mechanical performance while addressing the challenges posed by rigid fillers, such as mismatched compliance with the hydrogel matrix. This review explores the incorporation of LMs into hydrogel composites, the challenges faced in achieving optimal dispersion, and the unique functionalities introduced by these composites. We also discuss recent advances in the use of LM droplets for polymerization processes and their applications in various fields, including tissue engineering, wearable devices, biomedical applications, electromagnetic shielding, energy harvesting, and storage. Additionally, 3D-printable hydrogels are highlighted. Despite the promise of LM-based hydrogels, challenges such as macrophase separation, weak interfacial interactions between LMs and polymer networks, and the difficulty of printing LM inks onto hydrogel substrates limit their broader application. However, this review proposes solutions to these challenges.en
dc.description.versionpublishersversion
dc.description.versionpublished
dc.format.extent32
dc.format.extent6501756
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/molecules30040905
dc.identifier.issn1420-3049
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 129703676
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: 9dc7ba1d-ae09-4d19-a428-3df77883888a
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 85219182138
dc.identifier.otherPubMed: 40005215
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/188177
dc.identifier.urlhttps://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85219182138
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.subjectEutectic liquid metal
dc.subjectHydrogel
dc.subjectLiquid metal–hydrogel
dc.subjectPolymer composite
dc.subjectSoft electronics
dc.subjectSustainable materials
dc.subjectWearable applications
dc.subjectAnalytical Chemistry
dc.subjectChemistry (miscellaneous)
dc.subjectMolecular Medicine
dc.subjectPharmaceutical Science
dc.subjectDrug Discovery
dc.subjectPhysical and Theoretical Chemistry
dc.subjectOrganic Chemistry
dc.titleLiquid Metal–Polymer Hydrogel Composites for Sustainable Electronicsen
dc.title.subtitleA Reviewen
dc.typereview
degois.publication.issue4
degois.publication.titleMolecules
degois.publication.volume30
dspace.entity.typePublication
rcaap.rightsopenAccess

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