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Projeto de investigação
Incidence, bioavailability and mitigation strategies for mycotoxins in farmed fish and feeds: Gilthead seabream as case study
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Toxicological Responses of Juvenile Gilthead Seabream to Enniatin B and Fumonisin B1
Publication . Mello, Flávia V.; Pereira, Cheila; Özkan, Busenur; Maulvault, Ana Luísa; Soares, Florbela; Pousão-Ferreira, Pedro; Fernandes, José O.; Cunha, Sara C.; Marques, António; Anacleto, Patrícia; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
The replacement of ingredients from animal sources with plant-based ingredients is increasing the risk of contamination by mycotoxins in aquafeeds, potentially causing detrimental effects on fish welfare. However, limited research has been carried out so far on the impact of mycotoxins on fish health. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the toxicological effects of the dietary emerging (enniatin B, ENNB) and regulated (fumonisin B1, FB1) mycotoxins (150 µg/kg) in different tissues of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) after 28 days of dietary exposure. Fitness indexes, plasma metabolites, and biomarkers of oxidative stress, metabolism, cellular, and neurotoxic damage were assessed. The exposure to each mycotoxin was sufficient to cause distinct effects in fish tissues. ENNB appears to be the most harmful mycotoxin to S. aurata, inducing changes on alkaline phosphatase and lipase activities in plasma, as well as protein and lipid degradation in liver. Increased lipid degradation was also induced in the brain by FB1 alone or combined with ENNB, whereas the exposure to the mixture inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity. Overall, this study contributes by highlighting the toxicological attributes of ENNB, thus reinforcing the need to include this mycotoxin in future legislation.
Protein digestibility of aquafeeds in Sparus aurata
Publication . Mello, Flávia V.; Silva, Pedro; Barata, Marisa; Soares, Florbela; Pousão-Ferreira, Pedro; Duarte, Maria Paula; Valente, Luísa M. P.; Marques, António; Anacleto, Patrícia; MEtRICS - Centro de Engenharia Mecânica e Sustentabilidade de Recursos; DQ - Departamento de Química; Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.
The in vitro assessment of nutrient digestibility in aquaculture offers a fast, affordable, and ethical alternative enabling to optimize the nutritional value of feeds for improved fish health. Although commonly used in human studies, these in vitro models are still scarce for fish. This study aimed to validate an in vitro digestion method for marine fish using both fish crude digestive extracts and commercial digestive enzymes through a comparison with an in vivo assay using gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) as a biological model. Additionally, the effects of temperature, digestion time and feed amount (enzyme-to-substrate [E:S] ratio) influenced the in vitro protein digestibility, either individually or through their interactions. Only commercial enzymes lead to similar protein bioaccessibilities to those obtained in vivo (90.8 ± 1.7 %) under the following factorial design: i) 20 °C, 24 h, 250 mg of feed (88.1 ± 2.6 %); ii) 37 °C, 6 h, 136.5, 250 and 500 mg (85.9 ± 2.5 %, 90.1 ± 3.0 % and 87.4 ± 1.0 %, respectively); and iii) 37 °C, 24 h, 500 and 1000 mg (86.0 ± 2.1 %, 86.6 ± 5.2 %, respectively). The distinct action mechanisms of non-fish commercial enzymes seem to significantly enhance protein bioaccessibility compared to fish digestive extracts. Moreover, an optimal balance between temperature and digestion time plays a crucial role in maximizing digestibility, supporting efficient nutrient breakdown and absorption. The validated in vitro digestibility method using commercial enzymes for S. aurata provides a cost-effective, fast alternative and free of ethical constraints. We also propose a standardized E:S ratio to be applied in future studies using this methodology.
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Entidade financiadora
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Programa de financiamento
3599-PPCDT
Número da atribuição
PTDC/CVT-CVT/2660/2021