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O STAND-UP COMEDY EM PORTUGAL E NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS - The role of discourse markers DMs in text organization of the genre stand-up comedy in Portugal and the United States
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Problems in selecting transcription system for spoken discourse
Publication . Morozova, Milana; Centro de Linguística da UNL (CLUNL)
Compositional structure of the genre stand-up comedy
Publication . Morozova, Milana; Centro de Linguística da UNL (CLUNL)
The aim of this contribution is to analyze the global compositional structure of texts in Portuguese and American English stand‐up comedy in order to reveal the possible (dis)similarities between the two genres at the macro textual level. The research is situated within Text Linguistics (TL), and, more specifically, it is based on the Textual Analysis of Discourses (TAD) – a theoretical and methodological framework developed J. M. Adam (2008). Proposing TAD, Adam distinguishes various levels for textual analysis (texture, compositional structure, semantics, enunciation and speech acts). The main interest of the present research lies within the scope of the compositional structure, which deals with sequences and text plans. In TAD, sequences are defined as “textual schemas”, located between the sentence-‐level and period-‐level structuration of clauses and the macro-‐textual organization of text plans. In the present theory, there are five prototypic sequences, occurring in various types of texts in mixed ways: narrative, descriptive, argumentative, explicative and dialogal. Text plans correspond to what the ancient rhetorics defined as dispositio, the art of writing and speaking that regulated how the arguments should be organized. Along with genres, text plans are “models”, available in the system of knowledge of social groups. They allow constructing (in textual production) and reconstructing (while reading and writing) the global textual organization, determined by the genre. With TAD concepts of sequences and text plans in mind, our intention is to carry out a contrastive analysis of humorous texts taken from European Portuguese and American English stand-up performances, focusing on both sequences and text plans as the two main constituents of the compositional structure. In particular, upon completion of the analysis we aim to determine: a) if the sequential structure presents a series of identical sequences or a single type that appears to be dominant in the genre (and which one?) and how they are grouped in texts (by means of coordination, alteration or insertion?), and b) if a text plan in stand-up performances of the contrasted languages is conventional, i.e. socio-historically fixed by the (sub)genre or if it is occasional. The textual analysis is carried out on the basis of a 20,026 word (1h47min) oral corpus of Portuguese and a 20,973 word (1h47min) oral corpus of American English, totaling 40,999 words (or 3h52min) of recorded and transcribed data. We have grouped the texts into 24 samples (12 for each of the analyzed languages), which correspond to 24 different comedians and their individual complete performances. We hope that this research not only meets its objectives and provides a rigorous contrastive analysis of the macro organization of texts of the genre stand-up comedy, but also enlarges the application area of the TAD framework to humorous discourse.
Discourse markers of enunciative responsibility in Portuguese stand-up comedy
Publication . Morozova, Milana; Centro de Linguística da UNL (CLUNL)
Enunciative responsibility as a linguistic phenomenon has not been much studied; hence our interest lies in the analysis of this phenomenon, using DMs as a tool for the analysis. Within the framework of Textual Analysis of Discourses (henceforth TAD), Adam (2008) refers to enunciative responsibility in two moments of his work: firstly, the it is seen as one of the dimensions of the propositional act (Adam, 2008, p. 115122); secondly, it appears when the author refers to the markers of enunciative responsibility (Adam, 2008, p. 186-189). A number of previous studies in Brazil approached the category as a dimension of propositional act (Fernandes, 2012; Nascimento et al. 2012; Santos et al. 2010). However, to our knowledge there have been no study focusing on the proper categories of DM of enunciative responsibility. We hope that this research enables us to approach this linguistic phenomenon from a new perspective and possibly discover new questions for further investigation.
Discourse markers and their functional equivalents in English and Portuguese
Publication . Morozova, Milana; Centro de Linguística da UNL (CLUNL)
Although there is no clear consensus about what is delimited by the term discourse markers, most current published research (Aijmer 2004, Blakemore 2002, Brinton 2008, Cuenca 2008, Fischer 1998, Fraser 1999, Lopes & Sousa 2014) indicate that a DM has a core semantic meaning and a context-dependent pragmatic function. The problem, however, arises when it comes to translation. Even if it is plausible to pick up a DM with a semantic core meaning and find an appropriate correspondence in the target language, the corresponding item with the same semantic meaning may perform different pragmatic functions. Thus, it is polyfunctionality of DMs that presents the main challenge for the investigators, especially in a multilingual study. As a possible solution to the problem, Aijmer (2003, 2004) proposed translation as a methodology for studying pragmatic markers, which has been adapted for the purposes of this paper. She argues that the translation method helps to specify how markers function across languages, how they relate to each other both semantically and pragmatically. The proposal of this methodology was illustrated by the analysis of markers, belonging to the semantic field of expectation (actually, in fact and really) in English and their pragmatic equivalents in Swedish and Dutch on the basis of the English–Swedish Parallel Corpus for English/Swedish and of the Triptic Corpus for English/Dutch. According to this methodology, translations allow establishing a more explicit type of relationship between the items. In other words, setting up semantic fields based on translations contributes to a better understanding of credibility and appropriateness of established crosslinguistic equivalents. The ultimate goal of the methodology is to develop a semantic map based on translations. Thus, the objective of the present study is to identify Portuguese functional equivalents of English DMs well, you know, I mean, using COMPARA corpus. COMPARA is an open corpus of English and Portuguese texts aligned with their corresponding Portuguese and English translations. Since this paper is a small part of a larger research on functioning of DMs in Portuguese and English (more specifically, in stand-up comedy), the reflections over the results will allow (re)establishing the units of the analysis in Portuguese corpus and contributing to a better understanding of functionality of Portuguese DMs in the corpus under investigation.
Discourse markers of enunciative responsibility in Portuguese stand-up comedy
Publication . Morozova, Milana; Centro de Linguística da UNL (CLUNL); Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Letras
This contribution explores the role of discourse markers in signaling enunciative responsibility (ER) (i.e. a mechanism that allows evaluating the degree of authorship displayed in texts) in a particular genre – Portuguese stand-up comedy. The research is situated within Text Linguistics; specifically, on Textual Analysis of Discourses (Adam 2008). The main interest lies within the scope of markers of ER, which attribute different points of view (PoV) to various parts of texts and include three categories: marker-mediators (“de acordo com” according to, “segundo” conforming to, etc.), markers of reformulation (“isto é” that is, “em outras palavras” in other words, etc.), and markers of conversational structure (“bom” well, “você vê/vês” you see, “você sabe/sabes” you know, etc.). Applying both quantitative and qualitative methods to a collected corpus, not only are the frequency and the distribution of different categories of markers of ER analyzed, but the equivalence of the degree of responsibility in all the three categories is questioned. The results of the analysis show an uneven distribution among the three categories of discourse markers of ER: while the markers of conversational structure are highly present in the oral data, marker-mediators are almost absent. The paper then looks at the category of ER in terms of qualitative analysis, and verifies that for marker-mediators the responsibility is not assumed by the comedian, while in the case of the markers of reformulation there is a partial assumption of responsibility. As for the markers of conversational structure, although all the three categories are included in the group called “markers of ER”, conversationalstructure is less perceivable and would benefit from a recategorization or another theory to account for it.
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Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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PD/BD/105766/2014