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HERCULES Laboratory - Cultural Heritage, Studies and Safeguard
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Study of historical mortars from the Roman Villa of Frielas (Loures, Portugal)
Publication . Ahmmed, T.; Galacho, C.; Silva, A. R.; Quaresma, J.; Moita, P.; CHAM - Centro de Humanidades; Departamento de História (DH)
The Roman villa of Frielas is an archaeological site from 3rd – 6th century AD located in Loures, Portugal. The villa is on excavation since 1997. A total of eighteen mortar samples were collected from the different structures of the villa with different functional uses (render, filler, and floor) and analyzed by a multi-analytical approach. The results revealed a similar composition of binder, while differences in aggregates allowed to establish several groups. The information was analyzed to understand if historic recipes from ancient Roman treatises as described by Vitruvius were followed in the manufacturing process, or if traditional formulae were adjusted and adapted to meet a specific demand or due to resource constraints.
The Susceptibility to Salt Fog Degradation of Stone Cladding Materials
Publication . Pires, Vera; Rosa, Luís G.; Amaral, Pedro M.; Simão, Joaquim A. R.; GeoBioTec - Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias; DCT - Departamento de Ciências da Terra; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
The evaluation of stone cladding material suitability can be a challenge due to the way that stone physical and mechanical properties, and characteristics such as mineralogy, might influence stone performance as a cladding element in a ventilated facade application. Salts can affect natural stone performance, and one of the experimental methods available to study and predict it is through accelerated aging tests such as salt fog chamber cycles. Aging test results should include the analysis of critical stone physical–mechanical properties to fully understand decay effects. The aim of this study was to reduce the lack of knowledge regarding the implications of salt fog on certain fundamental characteristics of stone cladding requirements, such as elastic properties and flexural strength, because these are particularly important properties for ventilated facade systems. A systematic methodology based on artificial salt fog cycles in a climatic chamber, microscopic analysis, weight measurement, flexural strength, and dynamic elastic modulus was performed on two limestones from Portugal: Moleanos (MO) and Semi-Rijo (SR). This study aims to contribute to improved selection stone methods linked to more sustainable stone facades, and the experimental methodology can be further applied to other stone types, particularly the ones most selected for stone cladding applications near coastal areas. In this work, results of salt fog decay cycles are presented and discussed considering their direct contribution for a better stone-cladding dimensioning process.
An Overview of Germanic Grisailles through the Stained-Glass Collection at Pena Palace
Publication . Rodrigues, Alexandra; Coutinho, Mathilda L.; Machado, Carla; Alves, Luís Cerqueira; Machado, Andreia; Vilarigues, Márcia; VICARTE - Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes; DCR - Departamento de Conservação e Restauro; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
The lack of studies reporting the characterisation of Germanic grisaille is evident, despite the recent interest of researchers in this glass painting material. This work consists of the first assessment of Germanic grisaille’ chemical composition on a wide chronology (14th–19th centuries), that was only possible through the unique stained-glass collection of King Ferdinand II of Portugal. From the considerable amount of panels produced in Germanic territory and assembled by Ferdinand, twenty-two panels were characterised, and some trends of glass support typical composition and grisaille recipes were verified through this case study. A copper-based grisaille appears to have been the preference up to the 18th century. The 19th century shows higher diversity in composition, with new compounds (such as Co, Cr, Mn) appearing as colourising materials. However, with a limited number of analyses, and dispersed throughout time and different geographic locations, the results of this study are unprecedented, by being able to present the first overview on grisaille composition in Germanic stained glasses.
Archaeological Ceramic Fabric Attribution Through Material Characterisation
Publication . Saraiva, Ana S.; Coutinho, Mathilda L.; Silva, Carlos Tavares da; Soares, Joaquina; Duarte, Susana; Veiga, João Pedro; CENIMAT-i3N - Centro de Investigação de Materiais (Lab. Associado I3N); VICARTE - Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes; DCR - Departamento de Conservação e Restauro; DCM - Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Defining groups of ceramic objects from archaeological excavations is a crucial and primary practice in the study of settlements, providing information related to ceramic technology, provenance, and interactions, among others. This process begins with a macroscopic analysis of each fragment, identifying common features to define ceramic fabrics. Regularly, this procedure requires further analytical techniques to refine the attribution of each ceramic object to the corresponding fabric. The Early Neolithic site of Vale Pincel I in Sines, Portugal, dates to the second and third quarters of the sixth millennium BC. The earliest examples of ceramica impressa, described by patterned impressions on the surface (impresso pottery), in Portugal were found here. These artifacts are indicative of the Western Mediterranean Basin cycle pre-Cardial ceramic tradition. From the numerous Neolithic ceramic fragments discovered at Vale Pincel I, archaeologists identified 42 fragments, categorizing them into 2 main groups (A and B) through visual analysis, while a third group (C) remained unclassified. Group A, thick ceramic body with reddish hues and very friable surfaces; Group B, thin ceramic body with greyish to black shades and a cohesive appearance. With the aim to resolve the classification of group C ceramics, this study uses a multi-analytical methodology, combining Optical Microscopy (OM), Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (WD-XRF), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Integrating the analytical data with previously obtained archaeological information, Group C fragments were attributed to Groups A and B, demonstrating the absence of a distinct third group in Vale Pincel I, highlighting the effectiveness of analytical techniques in ceramic studies, and contributing to a deeper understanding of Neolithic ceramic technology in the Western Mediterranean Basin.
Characterization of Tableware from Fábrica de Loiça de Sacavém—Linking Analytical and Documental Research
Publication . Coutinho, Mathilda L.; Veiga, João Pedro; Ruivo, Andreia; Pereira da Silva, Teresa; Bottura-Scardina, Silvia; Lima, Maria Margarida R. A.; Pereira, Carlos; Dias, Ana Carvalho; Dias, Luís; Vandenabeele, Peter; Roseiro, José Carlos; VICARTE - Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes; DCR - Departamento de Conservação e Restauro; CENIMAT-i3N - Centro de Investigação de Materiais (Lab. Associado I3N); DCM - Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Fábrica de Loiça de Sacavém (ca. 1858–1994) was among the first to produce white earthenware in Portugal, becoming one of the country’s leading ceramic manufacturers during the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Research on white earthenware has accompanied the growing interest in post-industrial archaeology but is still poorly explored compared to more ancient ceramic productions. This study focused on the ceramic body, glazes, and colourants of tableware produced by Fábrica de Loiça de Sacavém during the first 50 years of its activity (1859–1910). A multi-analytical approach was selected to investigate the chemical and mineralogical composition of the ceramic body, glaze, and pigments using optical microscopy, variable-pressure scanning electron microscope energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), μ-Raman spectroscopy, μ-X-ray Diffraction (μ-XRD), and reflectance spectroscopy (hyperspectral image analysis). The studied tableware was produced with a Ca-poor siliceous–aluminous white earthenware ceramic body covered with transparent alkali lead or lead borosilicate glaze, and most colourants were complex Cr-based pigments. These results are in agreement with the little documental evidence from this period found in the manufacturer’s archives.
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Entidade financiadora
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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6817 - DCRRNI ID
Número da atribuição
UIDB/04449/2020