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Citrus By-Products
Publication . Andrade, Mariana A.; Barbosa, Cássia H.; Shah, Muhammad Ajmal; Ahmad, Nazir; Vilarinho, Fernanda; Khwaldia, Khaoula; Silva, Ana Sanches; Ramos, Fernando; DQ - Departamento de Química; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Citrus production produces about 15 million tons of by-products/waste worldwide every year. Due to their high content of bioactive compounds, several extraction techniques can be applied to obtain extracts rich in valuable compounds and further application into food applications. Distillation and solvent extraction continues to be the most used and applied extraction techniques, followed by newer techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction and pulsed electric field extraction. Although the composition of these extracts and essential oils directly depends on the edaphoclimatic conditions to which the fruit/plant was exposed, the main active compounds are D-limonene, carotenoids, and carbohydrates. Pectin, one of the most abundant carbohydrates present in Citrus peels, can be used as a biodegradable polymer to develop new food packaging, and the extracted bioactive compounds can be easily added directly or indirectly to foods to increase their shelf-life. One of the applications is their incorporation in active food packaging for microbiological and/or oxidation inhibition, prolonging foods’ shelf-life and, consequently, contributing to reducing food spoilage. This review highlights some of the most used and effective extraction techniques and the application of the obtained essential oils and extracts directly or indirectly (through active packaging) to foods.
Development of active films utilizing antioxidant compounds obtained from tomato and lemon by-products for use in food packaging
Publication . Mariño-Cortegoso, Sandra; Stanzione, Mariamelia; Andrade, Mariana A.; Restuccia, Cristina; Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós, Ana; Buonocore, Giovanna G.; Barbosa, Cássia H.; Vilarinho, Fernanda; Silva, Ana Sanches; Ramos, Fernando; Khwaldia, Khaoula; Sendón, Raquel; Barbosa-Pereira, Letricia; DCTB - Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa (ex-GDEH); Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.
This study focused on the recovery of antioxidant compounds from lemon and tomato by-products for use as natural additives in the development of active food packaging formulated using three different polymeric matrices that included low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polylactic acid (PLA), and G-polymer (GP). The films were characterized according to chemical-physical, thermal analyses, and their barrier and mechanical properties. Migration assays were performed to evaluate the release of active compounds from polymeric matrices, which were quantified in the food simulant by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector and then confirmed via liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The antioxidant capacities of the films were determined to evaluate their applicability for use as antioxidant-active packaging. The incorporation of extracts into polymers resulted in different structural changes and enhanced properties according to the nature of the polymeric matrix based on the interactions of the –OH groups of polyphenols and the chemical groups of the polymers. The lemon (LE) and tomato (TE) extracts lead to a substantial improvement in water barrier properties of PLA and GP-based films. The active PLA and GP films released high amounts of polyphenolic compounds (up to 65% for GP containing LE); mainly hesperidin and eriocitrin for LE films, and chrologenic acid for TE films. PLA loaded with lemon extract at 4% was selected as the most suitable for use as antioxidant packaging to extend the shelf-life of foods with high fat content.
PLA films loaded with green tea and rosemary polyphenolic extracts as an active packaging for almond and beef
Publication . Andrade, Mariana A.; Barbosa, Cássia H.; Cerqueira, Miguel A.; Azevedo, Ana Gabriela; Barros, Carolina; Machado, Ana Vera; Coelho, Anabela; Furtado, Rosália; Correia, Cristina Belo; Saraiva, Margarida; Vilarinho, Fernanda; Silva, Ana Sanches; Ramos, Fernando; DQ - Departamento de Química; MEtRICS - Centro de Engenharia Mecânica e Sustentabilidade de Recursos; Elsevier BV
In the present study, RE presented higher antioxidant capacity and higher content of total phenolic compounds than GTE. While the main phenolic compounds identified in RE were carnosic acid, carnosol and rosmarinic acid, in GTE catechins, rutin and gallic acid were the main identifies compounds. Extracts were incorporated into PLA active films, followed by the evaluation of its properties. The potential of the active PLA films to extend foods shelf-life was tested in almonds and beef. PLA/4GTE presented the highest water vapor permeability and opacity, while PLA/4RE presented the highest O2 permeability. PLA/2 GTE and PLA/4GTE presented the highest total content in phenolic compounds at the end of 10 days (at 40 °C). Regarding the almond packaged with the active films, PLA with RE films were the most effective in the reduction of oxidation, allowing to obtain the lowest lipid oxidation products, at the end of 60 days of storage at room temperature. In addition, active PLA films inhibited the formation of MDA content in beef stored for 11 days. This study shows that these PLA active packages can contribute for delaying lipid oxidation in foodstuffs with high fat content.
Liposome Formulations for the Strategic Delivery of PARP1 Inhibitors
Publication . Conceição, Carlota J. F.; Moe, Elin; Ribeiro, Paulo A.; Raposo, Maria; DF – Departamento de Física; CeFITec – Centro de Física e Investigação Tecnológica; LIBPhys-UNL; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB); MDPI AG
The development of a lipid nano-delivery system was attempted for three specific poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitors: Veliparib, Rucaparib, and Niraparib. Simple lipid and dual lipid formulations with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1′-glycerol) sodium salt (DPPG) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline (DPPC) were developed and tested following the thin-film method. DPPG-encapsulating inhibitors presented the best fit in terms of encapsulation efficiency (>40%, translates into concentrations as high as 100 µM), zeta potential values (below −30 mV), and population distribution (single population profile). The particle size of the main population of interest was ~130 nm in diameter. Kinetic release studies showed that DPPG-encapsulating PARP1 inhibitors present slower drug release rates than liposome control samples, and complex drug release mechanisms were identified. DPPG + Veliparib/Niraparib presented a combination of diffusion-controlled and non-Fickian diffusion, while anomalous and super case II transport was verified for DPPG + Rucaparib. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that PARP1 inhibitors interact with the DPPG lipid membrane, promoting membrane water displacement from hydration centers. A preferential membrane interaction with lipid carbonyl groups was observed through hydrogen bonding, where the inhibitors’ protonated amine groups may be the major players in the PARP1 inhibitor encapsulation mode.
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OE
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2021.08154.BD