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Desigualdade entre Iguais - Justiça Distributiva depois do Princípio da Diferença
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A distribuição de bens sociais reparte vantagens e encargos entre os cidadãos; não raramente, conduz alguns para uma situação de pobreza e cria grandes desigualdades eco-nómicas e sociais. Nesta dissertação, defenderei que temos razões para colocar a pobreza e as desigualdades no centro das preocupações distributivas. O problema da justiça distri-butiva foi marcado decisivamente pela proposta de John Rawls, que afirmou que as desi-gualdades sociais e económicas devem ser minimizadas através da aplicação do princípio da diferença, que obriga a que as assimetrias nestes domínios beneficiem também os mais desfavorecidos. Para determinar se Rawls tem razão a este respeito, examinaremos o prin-cípio da diferença no contexto da sua teoria da justiça e analisaremos as objeções a que foi sujeito, bem como as propostas que surgiram como alternativas à sua. Defenderei que existe um melhor princípio para assegurar a distribuição justa, a que chamarei princípio da progressão, destinado a combater a pobreza e diminuir as desigualdades. Este deverá ser entendido como um meta-princípio, associando-se a outros, secundários, que são obriga-ções prima facie e vigoram de acordo com as exigências sociais concretas. Entre estes, o princípio da diferença desempenhará um papel preeminente. Defenderei ainda que o prin-cípio da progressão deve fazer parte do conteúdo de um novo contrato social, capaz de mobilizar a sociedade para missões, nomeadamente para a erradicação da pobreza e para a diminuição das desigualdades.
The distribution of social goods spreads advantages and burdens among citizens; not infrequently, it leaves some people in poverty and creates great economic and social inequalities. In this dissertation, I will argue that we have reasons to place poverty and ine-qualities at the center of distributive concerns. The problem of distributive justice has been decisively marked by John Rawls’s proposal, according to which social and economic ine-qualities should be tackled by the difference principle, determining that differences in those domains, when they happen, are to favor the least advantaged members of society. To ver-ify whether Rawls is right in this regard, we will examine the difference principle in the con-text of his theory of justice, analyze its difficulties, and assess some proposals that emerged as alternatives. I will argue that there is a better principle for ensuring distributive justice, which I will call the principle of progression, designed to combat poverty, and decrease in-equality. It should be understood as a meta-principle, to be combined with some secondary others, according to social circumstances. Among these, the difference principle will play a preeminent role. I will also argue that the principle of progression should be part of the narrative of a new social contract, capable of mobilizing society for missions, namely for the eradication of poverty and the reduction of inequalities.
The distribution of social goods spreads advantages and burdens among citizens; not infrequently, it leaves some people in poverty and creates great economic and social inequalities. In this dissertation, I will argue that we have reasons to place poverty and ine-qualities at the center of distributive concerns. The problem of distributive justice has been decisively marked by John Rawls’s proposal, according to which social and economic ine-qualities should be tackled by the difference principle, determining that differences in those domains, when they happen, are to favor the least advantaged members of society. To ver-ify whether Rawls is right in this regard, we will examine the difference principle in the con-text of his theory of justice, analyze its difficulties, and assess some proposals that emerged as alternatives. I will argue that there is a better principle for ensuring distributive justice, which I will call the principle of progression, designed to combat poverty, and decrease in-equality. It should be understood as a meta-principle, to be combined with some secondary others, according to social circumstances. Among these, the difference principle will play a preeminent role. I will also argue that the principle of progression should be part of the narrative of a new social contract, capable of mobilizing society for missions, namely for the eradication of poverty and the reduction of inequalities.
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Palavras-chave
Justiça distributiva Princípio da diferença Princípio da progressão Desigualdade económica e social Pobreza Distributive justice Difference principle Principle of progression Economic and social inequality Poverty