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Relatório de Estágio: Análise ao Regime da Obrigação de Alimentos a Filho Maior
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A presente dissertação visa analisar o regime previsto no artigo 1880º do CC, respeitante à obrigação de alimentos a filhos maiores de idade que ainda não tenham completado a sua formação académica ou profissional, com o objetivo de esclarecer os termos da sua aplicação e tecer uma crítica à utilização de conceitos indeterminados pelo legislador português nesta matéria.
Com a alteração ao artigo 1905º/2 CC prevista pela Lei nº122/2015 de 1 de setembro, decretou-se que a pensão de alimentos é devida aos filhos até que estes terminem a sua formação académica ou profissional, ou que completem os 25 anos de idade, no entanto, a lei não oferece critérios objetivos na determinação do valor e do conteúdo da obrigação, assentando apenas no critério da razoabilidade, o que cria bastantes dificuldades na concretização das realidades abrangidas, assim como confere
pouca tutela dos valores inerentes à ratio da norma.
Afigura-se pertinente, analisar o regime à luz da sociedade atual, atendendo ao facto de que já não é aceitável considerar que todos os deveres parentais terminam assim que o filho alcance a maioridade, nomeadamente considerando que a realidade profissional exige pessoas cada vez mais qualificadas, sendo por isso entendimento comum que é dever dos progenitores ajudar os filhos a estar preparados para essa exigência.
A falta de critérios objetivos que permitam concretizar os termos da obrigação é uma realidade na legislação portuguesa, o que contrasta com as opções legislativas tomadas no plano internacional, onde as tabelas e as fórmulas matemáticas para determinação de valores concretos são a regra geral, sendo, por isso, ponto central da presente dissertação a análise comparada dos ordenamentos jurídicos português, americano, alemão e espanhol na regulação desta matéria, no sentido em que deve ser
questionada a necessidade da introdução de critérios objetivos, que, não devendo ser demasiado rígidos de forma a não constranger em demasia a liberdade dos tribunais, e de forma a ser possível acautelar as mais diversas realidades, sejam suscetíveis de garantir uma maior proteção e certeza aos jovens que se encontram numa fase crucial das suas vidas.
The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the regime present in Article 1880 of the Civil Code, which concerns the obligation to pay maintenance to adult children who have not yet completed their academic or professional training, with the aim of clarifying the terms of its application and criticizing the Portuguese legislator use of indeterminate concepts in this area. With the amendment to Article 1905/2 of the Civil Code provided for by Law no.122/2015 of September 1, it was decreed that maintenance is owed to children until they finish their academic or professional training, or reach the age of 25. However, the law does not offer objective criteria for determining the amount, and content, of the obligation, relying only on the criterion of reasonability, which creates a lot of difficulties in the materialization of the realities covered, as well as providing little protection for the values inherent to the ratio of the rule. It seems pertinent to analyze the regime in the light of today's society, given that it is no longer acceptable to consider that all parental duties end as soon as the child reaches the age of majority, particularly considering that the professional reality increasingly requires qualified people, and it is, therefore, common understanding that it is the duty of parents to help their children to be prepared for this demand. The lack of objective criteria for determining the terms of the obligation is a reality in the Portuguese legislation, which contrasts with the legislative choices made at international level, where tables and mathematical formulas for determining concrete values are the general rule. The central point of this dissertation is, therefore, a comparative analysis of the Portuguese, American, German and Spanish legal systems in regulating this matter, in the sense that the need to introduce objective criteria should be questioned, and, while they should not be too rigid so as not to constrain the freedom of the courts too much, and in order to be able to take account of the most diverse realities, are likely to guarantee greater protection and certainty for young people who are at a crucial stage in their lives.
The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the regime present in Article 1880 of the Civil Code, which concerns the obligation to pay maintenance to adult children who have not yet completed their academic or professional training, with the aim of clarifying the terms of its application and criticizing the Portuguese legislator use of indeterminate concepts in this area. With the amendment to Article 1905/2 of the Civil Code provided for by Law no.122/2015 of September 1, it was decreed that maintenance is owed to children until they finish their academic or professional training, or reach the age of 25. However, the law does not offer objective criteria for determining the amount, and content, of the obligation, relying only on the criterion of reasonability, which creates a lot of difficulties in the materialization of the realities covered, as well as providing little protection for the values inherent to the ratio of the rule. It seems pertinent to analyze the regime in the light of today's society, given that it is no longer acceptable to consider that all parental duties end as soon as the child reaches the age of majority, particularly considering that the professional reality increasingly requires qualified people, and it is, therefore, common understanding that it is the duty of parents to help their children to be prepared for this demand. The lack of objective criteria for determining the terms of the obligation is a reality in the Portuguese legislation, which contrasts with the legislative choices made at international level, where tables and mathematical formulas for determining concrete values are the general rule. The central point of this dissertation is, therefore, a comparative analysis of the Portuguese, American, German and Spanish legal systems in regulating this matter, in the sense that the need to introduce objective criteria should be questioned, and, while they should not be too rigid so as not to constrain the freedom of the courts too much, and in order to be able to take account of the most diverse realities, are likely to guarantee greater protection and certainty for young people who are at a crucial stage in their lives.
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Palavras-chave
maioridade obrigação de alimentos formação académica ou profissional razoabilidade cálculo majority alimony academic or professional qualification reasonability calculation