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A Privatização da Segurança: Solução ou Alternativa no Combate à Violência Armada?
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A privatização da segurança não é um fenómeno recente, mas tem vindo a intensificar a sua presença e influência ao longo das últimas décadas, desde o final da Guerra Fria. A contratação de empresas privadas e a sua presença pelo continente africano é muito frequente, havendo países que se destacam na associação àquelas empresas e outros que, apesar de mais recentemente, vão-se evidenciando a passos largos como aliados de África em matéria de defesa e segurança. No entanto, a contratação de Empresas Militares e de Segurança Privadas parece ter mais inconvenientes do que benefícios para as entidades contratantes, neste caso, para países africanos em conflito.
Outra problemática é a da regulamentação, ou falta dela, da atividade das Empresas Militares Privadas e das Empresas de Segurança Privadas. A falta de um diploma ou de diplomas que regulamentem, unanimemente, aquela atividade levam a que seja muito fácil ultrapassar os limites da legalidade, embora haja regras de Direitos Humanos e de Direito Internacional Humanitário que devam ser seguidas.
A violência em Cabo Delgado entrou já no seu oitavo ano de conflito, insegurança, pobreza, famílias mortas, outras deslocadas. No entanto, e depois de o Governo moçambicano ter decidido pedir ajuda externa, a intervenção de Empresas Militares e de Segurança Privadas não teve o sucesso esperado e levou até a que a situação piorasse e o grupo armado avançasse e se apoderasse de território, na província de Cabo Delgado. Só com a intervenção regional surgiram melhorias efetivas em Cabo Delgado, destacando-se as Forças do Ruanda e a Missão da SADC, que reuniu países da União da África Austral.
A importância da formação militar em Moçambique evidenciou-se com as missões de treino e de assistência da União Europeia que, apesar de terem encontrado um exército negligenciado e, consequentemente, pouco capaz de lidar com as adversidades da extrema violência, tem trazido melhorias no encarar da ajuda externa e na formação e equipamento daqueles que devem ser o garante máximo da defesa e segurança de um Estado – as suas forças armadas e de segurança.
The privatisation of security is not a recent phenomenon, but it has intensified its presence and influence over the last few decades, since the end of the Cold War. The contracting of private companies and their presence on the African continent is very frequent, with some countries standing out in their association with these companies and others that, although more recently, have made great strides as Africa's allies in terms of defence and security. However, contracting military and private security companies seems to have more drawbacks than benefits for the contracting entities, in this case African countries in conflict. Another problem is the regulation, or lack thereof, of the activities of Private Military and Private Security Companies. The lack of a statute or statutes that unanimously regulate this activity makes it very easy to overstep the boundaries of legality, even though there are rules of human rights and international humanitarian law that must be followed. The violence in Cabo Delgado has now entered its eighth year of conflict, insecurity, poverty, families killed, and others displaced. However, after the Mozambican government decided to ask for external help, the intervention of private military and security companies did not have the expected success and even led to the situation worsening and the armed group advancing and seizing territory in Cabo Delgado province. Only regional intervention did effective improvements in Cabo Delgado, with the Rwandan Forces and the SADC Mission, which brought together countries from the Southern African Union, standing out. The importance of military training in Mozambique has been highlighted by the European Union's training and assistance missions, which, despite finding a neglected army and, consequently, one that was not capable of dealing with the adversities of extreme violence, have brought improvements in the way foreign aid is handled and in the training and equipment of those who should be the ultimate guarantors of a state's defence and security – its armed and security forces.
The privatisation of security is not a recent phenomenon, but it has intensified its presence and influence over the last few decades, since the end of the Cold War. The contracting of private companies and their presence on the African continent is very frequent, with some countries standing out in their association with these companies and others that, although more recently, have made great strides as Africa's allies in terms of defence and security. However, contracting military and private security companies seems to have more drawbacks than benefits for the contracting entities, in this case African countries in conflict. Another problem is the regulation, or lack thereof, of the activities of Private Military and Private Security Companies. The lack of a statute or statutes that unanimously regulate this activity makes it very easy to overstep the boundaries of legality, even though there are rules of human rights and international humanitarian law that must be followed. The violence in Cabo Delgado has now entered its eighth year of conflict, insecurity, poverty, families killed, and others displaced. However, after the Mozambican government decided to ask for external help, the intervention of private military and security companies did not have the expected success and even led to the situation worsening and the armed group advancing and seizing territory in Cabo Delgado province. Only regional intervention did effective improvements in Cabo Delgado, with the Rwandan Forces and the SADC Mission, which brought together countries from the Southern African Union, standing out. The importance of military training in Mozambique has been highlighted by the European Union's training and assistance missions, which, despite finding a neglected army and, consequently, one that was not capable of dealing with the adversities of extreme violence, have brought improvements in the way foreign aid is handled and in the training and equipment of those who should be the ultimate guarantors of a state's defence and security – its armed and security forces.
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Cabo Delgado Empresas Militares Privadas Empresas de Segurança Privadas mercenários terrorismo subversão armada Private Military Companies Private Security Companies mercenaries terrorism insurgency