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A Casa Nobre na Região Demarcada do Douro no século XVIII
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Com a criação da Companhia das Vinhas do Alto Douro, integrada na política proteccionista do ministro de D. José I (1714-1777), Sebastião de Carvalho e Melo, futuro marquês de Pombal (1699-1782), definiu-se em 1756 a Região Demarcada do Douro. Trata-se de uma área interior, de grande extensão, a primeira região demarcada e regulamentada do Mundo, localizada na bacia hidrográfica do rio Douro, entre Barqueiros (Mesão Frio) e Barca d’Alva (Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo), onde se intensificou a produção do vinho do Porto nas suas quintas, completamente viradas para essa produção. Foram enormes, as consequências económicas e sociais deste processo, que se reflectiu também na arquitectura, sobretudo nas habitações das famílias nobres, vivendo no território associadas a esta economia agrária e vinícola. Partindo de um corpus de 164 edifícios, esta tese pretende estudar a casa nobre da época Setecentista, numa perspectiva regional, integrando-a no conjunto dos estudos sobre a arquitectura doméstica. Distribuídas de maneira irregular por três sub-regiões, a de Baixo Corgo, a de Cima Corgo e a do Douro Superior, estas casas apresentam características próprias, que as relacionam umas com as outras e com as restantes que se construíram no País durante este período áureo do Barroco. Dividida em cinco capítulos, procura-se discutir no primeiro o conceito de casa nobre e a sua ligação àquilo que na língua portuguesa se pode definir por Solar, Casa, Quinta, Paço ou Palácio. O segundo capítulo apresenta uma definição histórica do território da Região Demarcada, procurando ao mesmo tempo, compreender as suas especificidades geográficas e climáticas, que condicionaram a actividade construtiva. No terceiro capítulo estudam-se os encomendantes responsáveis pela edificação, embora sem aprofundar a história das famílias e as suas ligações. E os mestres de obras que circulavam na Região, a par de pedreiros, canteiros, pintores, escultores e entalhadores. A sua cultura artística, o que conheciam do Barroco do norte de Portugal e das suas sugestões, alguns tratados que chegavam também às bibliotecas, são aspectos que foram considerados. Partindo da análise dos exteriores, o quarto capítulo procura caracterizar tipologias e modelos. Ocupando-se sobretudo das fachadas, com os materiais que nelas são utilizadas, estudo da sua composição e os motivos decorativos mais frequentes. O quinto e último capítulo centra-se nos ambientes domésticos e na decoração dos interiores, do piso térreo ao piso nobre, com o vestíbulo e a escadaria, além da distribuição dos espaços, da cozinha à capela anexa. Um destaque especial é dado às pinturas em perspectivas dos tectos e aos jardins. Profundamente integrada na Região e evidenciando-se com a sua presença nos aglomerados urbanos, a casa nobre do Douro, de que a Casa de Mateus em Vila Real é um dos exemplos mais conhecidos, a par da Casa do Cabo, em São João da Pesqueira, constitui um capítulo importante da história da arte e do património artístico português que aqui se procura tratar.
Along with the formation of Companhia das Vinhas do Alto Douro in 1756, integrated in the protectionist policy of D. José I (1714-1777) minister, Sebastião de Carvalho e Melo, future marquis of Pombal (1699-1782), the Demarcated Douro Region was created. It is an interior area of great extension, the first demarcated and regulated region in the World, located in the hydrographic basin of the Douro River, between Barqueiros (Mesão Frio) and Barca d'Alva (Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo), where the production of Port wine on its farms was intensified and completely turned to this production. The economic and social consequences of this process were enormous, having effect in the architecture, especially in the homes of the noble families living in the territory and which were associated with this agrarian and wine economy. Starting from a corpus of 164 buildings, this thesis intends to study the noble house of the eighteenth century, in a regional perspective, integrating it in the set of studies on domestic architecture. Irregularly distributed across three sub-regions - Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo and Douro Superior - these houses have their own characteristics, which relate them to each other and to the rest that were built in the country during the Baroque period. Divided into five chapters, the first one aims to discuss the concept of a noble house and its connection to what can be defined in Portuguese as Solar, House, Farm, Paço or Palace. The second chapter presents a historical definition of the territory of the Demarcated Region, while trying to understand its geographical and climatic specificities conditioning the construction activity. In the third chapter, the commissioners responsible for the building are studied, although without developing the history of the families and their connections. The masters that circulated in the Region, together with masons, flowerbeds, painters, sculptors and carvers are also analysed. Their artistic culture, what they knew about the Baroque of Northern Portugal and their suggestions, some treaties that also reached libraries, are aspects that were considered. Based on the analysis of the exteriors, the fourth chapter seeks to characterize typologies and models. Mainly looking after the façades, materials and studying their composition and the most frequent decorative motifs. The fifth and final chapter focuses on domestic environments and interior decoration, from the ground floor to the noble one, with the lobby and staircase, in addition to the distribution of spaces, from the kitchen to the attached chapel. A special emphasis is given to paintings from the perspective of ceilings and gardens. Deeply integrated in the Region and showing itself with its presence in urban agglomerations, the noble house of the Douro, of which Casa de Mateus in Vila Real is one of the best-known examples, along with Casa do Cabo, in São João da Pesqueira, constitutes an important chapter in the history of art and the Portuguese artistic heritage that we are tried to deal with.
Along with the formation of Companhia das Vinhas do Alto Douro in 1756, integrated in the protectionist policy of D. José I (1714-1777) minister, Sebastião de Carvalho e Melo, future marquis of Pombal (1699-1782), the Demarcated Douro Region was created. It is an interior area of great extension, the first demarcated and regulated region in the World, located in the hydrographic basin of the Douro River, between Barqueiros (Mesão Frio) and Barca d'Alva (Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo), where the production of Port wine on its farms was intensified and completely turned to this production. The economic and social consequences of this process were enormous, having effect in the architecture, especially in the homes of the noble families living in the territory and which were associated with this agrarian and wine economy. Starting from a corpus of 164 buildings, this thesis intends to study the noble house of the eighteenth century, in a regional perspective, integrating it in the set of studies on domestic architecture. Irregularly distributed across three sub-regions - Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo and Douro Superior - these houses have their own characteristics, which relate them to each other and to the rest that were built in the country during the Baroque period. Divided into five chapters, the first one aims to discuss the concept of a noble house and its connection to what can be defined in Portuguese as Solar, House, Farm, Paço or Palace. The second chapter presents a historical definition of the territory of the Demarcated Region, while trying to understand its geographical and climatic specificities conditioning the construction activity. In the third chapter, the commissioners responsible for the building are studied, although without developing the history of the families and their connections. The masters that circulated in the Region, together with masons, flowerbeds, painters, sculptors and carvers are also analysed. Their artistic culture, what they knew about the Baroque of Northern Portugal and their suggestions, some treaties that also reached libraries, are aspects that were considered. Based on the analysis of the exteriors, the fourth chapter seeks to characterize typologies and models. Mainly looking after the façades, materials and studying their composition and the most frequent decorative motifs. The fifth and final chapter focuses on domestic environments and interior decoration, from the ground floor to the noble one, with the lobby and staircase, in addition to the distribution of spaces, from the kitchen to the attached chapel. A special emphasis is given to paintings from the perspective of ceilings and gardens. Deeply integrated in the Region and showing itself with its presence in urban agglomerations, the noble house of the Douro, of which Casa de Mateus in Vila Real is one of the best-known examples, along with Casa do Cabo, in São João da Pesqueira, constitutes an important chapter in the history of art and the Portuguese artistic heritage that we are tried to deal with.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Casa nobre Arquitetura civil Região Demarcada do Douro Século XVIII Noble house Civil architecture Demarcated Region of Douro Eighteenth century