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Regeneração de banhos de revestimento metálico através de nanopartículas magnéticas: Análise de ciclo de vida, custos e ecoeficiência
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Resumo(s)
As emissões de CO2 derivadas da indústria e da combustão energética atingiram valores superiores
a 36 Gt nos últimos anos. Para mitigar estes efeitos a nível global, tornar o setor industrial mais
sustentável tem sido uma prioridade, assim como a implementação da economia circular. A indústria
de revestimento metálico é essencial não só para produzir peças metálicas automóveis e aeronáuticas,
como também componentes dentários e médicos, solares e elétricos, e artigos de joalharia. Com o
crescimento exponencial da população, a procura deste tipo de bens tem vindo a aumentar rapidamente,
o que tem afetado notoriamente a sustentabilidade deste setor, responsável pela descarga de
metais pesados e soluções ácidas. Neste sentido, o laboratório de investigação desenvolveu métodos
inovadores de purificação de banhos de revestimento metálico através da utilização de nanopartículas
magnéticas funcionalizadas. O objetivo do estudo prende-se com o prolongamento do tempo de vida
dos banhos ao remover espécies indesejadas e recuperar iões metálicos, que podem ser usados como
matéria-prima de segunda geração. Esta rota de valorização permite a regeneração de nanopartículas,
que podem integrar um novo ciclo de purificação. Deste modo, a presente dissertação pretende avaliar
a sustentabilidade desta tecnologia, recorrendo à ACV, à análise de custos e de ecoeficiência. Para a
ACV recorreu-se ao software SimaPro® e aplicou-se o método de avaliação ReCiPe 2016. Foram analisadas
duas linhas-piloto (Empresa B e Empresa C) e estudados dois cenários com esta tecnologia
(com e sem valorização), que foram comparados a quatro cenários convencionais de tratamento e/ou
descarte dos banhos (incineração, depósito subterrâneo, tratamento de águas residuais e aterro sanitário).
A unidade funcional utilizada foi 1 kg de banho. Na Empresa B, os hotspots identificados foram
a produção de Composto 8, utilizado como revestimento na funcionalização de NP (16% do impacte
ambiental no cenário sem valorização), o consumo energético (75% do impacte ambiental no cenário
com valorização) e o Aditivo 1 (0,97 €/UF). Na Empresa C, o Composto 1 (47% do impacte ambiental
no cenário sem valorização), o consumo energético (75% do impacte ambiental no cenário com valorização),
o Composto 9 (1,60 €/UF) e o NaOH (2,28 €/UF) constituíram os principais pontos críticos. O
sistema desenvolvido pela Empresa B revelou ser uma alternativa promissora e a opção mais ecoeficiente,
mitigando 98% do impacte potencial de aquecimento global (2,71x10-2 kg CO2-eq) e 93% do
custo de produção (3,57 €/UF).
CO2 emissions from industry and energy combustion have reached more than 36 Gt in recent years. To mitigate these effects globally, making the industrial sector more sustainable has been a priority, as has the implementation of the circular economy. The plating industry is essential not only to produce metal automotive and aeronautical parts but also dental and medical, solar and electrical components, as well as jewelry items. With the exponential growth of the population, the demand for these types of goods has been increasing rapidly, which has notably affected the sustainability of this sector, responsible for the discharge of heavy metals and acid solutions. In this sense, the research laboratory developed innovative methods for the purification of metal coating baths with functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. The goal of the study is to extend the lifetime of the baths by removing unwanted species and recovering metal ions, which can be used as second-generation raw materials. This valorization route allows the regeneration of nanoparticles, which can integrate a new purification cycle. Thus, this dissertation aims to assess the sustainability of this technology, using LCA, as well as cost and ecoefficiency analysis. For the LCA, the SimaPro® software was used, and the ReCiPe 2016 assessment method was applied. Two pilot lines (Company B and Company C) were analyzed, and two scenarios with this technology (with and without valorization) were studied and compared to four conventional bath treatment and/or disposal scenarios (incineration, underground deposit, wastewater treatment, and landfill). The functional unit used was 1 kg of bath. In Company B, the hotspots identified were Compound 8, used as a coating in NP functionalization (16% of the environmental impact in the scenario without valorization), energy consumption (75% of the environmental impact in the scenario with valorization), and Additive 1 (0.97 €/FU). In Company C, Compound 1 (47% of the environmental impact in the scenario without valorization), energy consumption (75% of the environmental impact in the scenario with valorization), Compound 9 (1.60 €/FU), and NaOH (2.28 €/FU) were the main critical aspects. The system developed by Company B proved to be a promising alternative and the most eco-efficient option, mitigating 98% of the potential global warming impact (2.71x10-2 kg CO2-eq) and 93% of the production cost (3.57 €/FU).
CO2 emissions from industry and energy combustion have reached more than 36 Gt in recent years. To mitigate these effects globally, making the industrial sector more sustainable has been a priority, as has the implementation of the circular economy. The plating industry is essential not only to produce metal automotive and aeronautical parts but also dental and medical, solar and electrical components, as well as jewelry items. With the exponential growth of the population, the demand for these types of goods has been increasing rapidly, which has notably affected the sustainability of this sector, responsible for the discharge of heavy metals and acid solutions. In this sense, the research laboratory developed innovative methods for the purification of metal coating baths with functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. The goal of the study is to extend the lifetime of the baths by removing unwanted species and recovering metal ions, which can be used as second-generation raw materials. This valorization route allows the regeneration of nanoparticles, which can integrate a new purification cycle. Thus, this dissertation aims to assess the sustainability of this technology, using LCA, as well as cost and ecoefficiency analysis. For the LCA, the SimaPro® software was used, and the ReCiPe 2016 assessment method was applied. Two pilot lines (Company B and Company C) were analyzed, and two scenarios with this technology (with and without valorization) were studied and compared to four conventional bath treatment and/or disposal scenarios (incineration, underground deposit, wastewater treatment, and landfill). The functional unit used was 1 kg of bath. In Company B, the hotspots identified were Compound 8, used as a coating in NP functionalization (16% of the environmental impact in the scenario without valorization), energy consumption (75% of the environmental impact in the scenario with valorization), and Additive 1 (0.97 €/FU). In Company C, Compound 1 (47% of the environmental impact in the scenario without valorization), energy consumption (75% of the environmental impact in the scenario with valorization), Compound 9 (1.60 €/FU), and NaOH (2.28 €/FU) were the main critical aspects. The system developed by Company B proved to be a promising alternative and the most eco-efficient option, mitigating 98% of the potential global warming impact (2.71x10-2 kg CO2-eq) and 93% of the production cost (3.57 €/FU).
Descrição
Palavras-chave
aquecimento global avaliação do ciclo de vida ecoeficiência economia circular nanomateriais revestimento metálico