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A Evolução da Ordem Internacional Liberal no Sistema Vestefaliano de Estados no Pós-Guerra Fria (1991-2023)
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A presente dissertação analisa a evolução da Ordem Internacional Liberal no período PósGuerra Fria pela descrição dos eventos históricos que se seguiram ao desmantelamento da URSS e análise das dinâmicas das políticas de poder. Parte de uma perspetiva histórica ancorada na Escola Inglesa e a investigação mostra como a tentativa de organizar a vida internacional, pela mitigação da anarquia, é um imperativo da vida internacional. É uma realidade tão antiga como as civilizações egípcia e suméria, o que mostra que não é uma realidade Ocidental, mas foi no seio do Império Romano e pela romanização do Cristianismo que foi possível uma progressiva secularização da autoridade internacional. A consolidação do Sistema Vestefaliano e do Estado-Nação, que fomentou a soberania, permitiu as revoluções liberais e a revolução industrial, que por sua vez, permitiu o desenvolvimento do capitalismo. O sistema, por ser anárquico conduz a guerras hegemónicas, as Guerras Napoleónicas, a I e II Guerras Mundiais, que vão necessitar de uma institucionalização da sociedade internacional através da Organização das Nações Unidas, com base nas teorias contratualistas de Locke. Montados os alicerces da OIL, expande-se no pós-Guerra Fria e vai ser alvo de pressões das políticas de poder das três grandes potências, EUA, China e Rússia, cada uma com. Sua própria agenda. Assim, este estudo procura analisar a forma como esta se consolidou neste período e responde às mudanças sistémicas e ao papel dos EUA. Avalia mecanismos de continuidade, de adaptação e contestação.
This dissertation analyses the evolution of the Liberal International Order in the post-Cold War period by describing the historical events that followed the dismantling of the USSR and analysing the dynamics of power politics. Based on a historical perspective anchored in the English School, the research shows how the attempt to organise international life by mitigating anarchy is an imperative of international life. It is a reality as old as the Egyptian and Sumerian civilisations, which shows that it is not a Western reality, but it was within the Roman Empire and through the Romanisation of Christianity that a progressive secularisation of international authority was possible. The consolidation of the Westphalian System and the nation state, which promoted sovereignty, enabled liberal revolutions and the industrial revolution, which in turn enabled the development of capitalism. The system, being anarchic, led to hegemonic wars, the Napoleonic Wars, World War I and World War II, which required the institutionalisation of international society through the United Nations, based on Locke's contractualist theories. Once the foundations of the ILO were laid, it expanded in the postCold War period and became the target of pressure from the power politics of the three major powers, the US, China and Russia, each with its own agenda. Thus, this study seeks to analyse how it consolidated during this period and responds to systemic changes and the role of the US. It evaluates mechanisms of continuity, adaptation and contestation.
This dissertation analyses the evolution of the Liberal International Order in the post-Cold War period by describing the historical events that followed the dismantling of the USSR and analysing the dynamics of power politics. Based on a historical perspective anchored in the English School, the research shows how the attempt to organise international life by mitigating anarchy is an imperative of international life. It is a reality as old as the Egyptian and Sumerian civilisations, which shows that it is not a Western reality, but it was within the Roman Empire and through the Romanisation of Christianity that a progressive secularisation of international authority was possible. The consolidation of the Westphalian System and the nation state, which promoted sovereignty, enabled liberal revolutions and the industrial revolution, which in turn enabled the development of capitalism. The system, being anarchic, led to hegemonic wars, the Napoleonic Wars, World War I and World War II, which required the institutionalisation of international society through the United Nations, based on Locke's contractualist theories. Once the foundations of the ILO were laid, it expanded in the postCold War period and became the target of pressure from the power politics of the three major powers, the US, China and Russia, each with its own agenda. Thus, this study seeks to analyse how it consolidated during this period and responds to systemic changes and the role of the US. It evaluates mechanisms of continuity, adaptation and contestation.
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Estado Ordem Internacional Liberal Sistema Vestefaliano Soberania Sociedade Internacional State Liberal International Order Westphalian System Sovereignty International Society