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Factors That May Affect Breast Milk Macronutrient and Energy Content

2025-08Recensão Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorRocha-Pinto, Inês
dc.contributor.authorPereira-da-Silva, Luís
dc.contributor.authorPereira-da-Silva, Luís
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Diana e.
dc.contributor.authorCardoso, Manuela
dc.contributor.institutionNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM)
dc.contributor.institutionComprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) - pólo NMS
dc.contributor.pblMDPI AG
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-16T21:48:37Z
dc.date.available2025-09-16T21:48:37Z
dc.date.issued2025-08
dc.descriptionPublisher Copyright: © 2025 by the authors.
dc.description.abstractThis review aimed to be comprehensive and to critically analyze the factors that may affect the macronutrient and energy content of breast milk. Systematic reviews were prioritized, even though other types of literature reviews on the subject, as well as studies not included in these reviews, were included. Reported factors that potentially affect the macronutrient and energy content of breast milk comprise: maternal factors, such as age, nutritional status, dietary intake, smoking habits, lactation stage, circadian rhythmicity, and the use of galactagogues; obstetrical factors, such as parity, preterm delivery, multiple pregnancies, labor and delivery, and pregnancy morbidities including intrauterine growth restriction, hypertensive disorders, and gestational diabetes mellitus; and newborn factors, including sexual dimorphism, and anthropometry at birth. Some factors underwent a less robust assessment, while others underwent a more in-depth analysis. For example, the milk from overweight and obese mothers has been reported to be richer in energy and fat. A progressive decrease in protein content and an increase in fat content was described over time during lactation. The milk from mothers with hypertensive disorders may have a higher protein content. Higher protein and energy content has been found in early milk from mothers who delivered prematurely.en
dc.description.versionpublishersversion
dc.description.versionpublished
dc.format.extent1188016
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/nu17152503
dc.identifier.issn1422-8599
dc.identifier.otherPURE: 129424823
dc.identifier.otherPURE UUID: 61352a4e-9d91-4cb8-9b50-775cdb689b49
dc.identifier.otherScopus: 105013280417
dc.identifier.otherPubMed: 40806087
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/187985
dc.identifier.urlhttps://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105013280417
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.subjectbreast milk
dc.subjectenergy content
dc.subjectmacronutrient content
dc.subjectmaternal factors
dc.subjectnewborn factors
dc.subjectobstetrical factors
dc.subjectpregnancy morbidities
dc.subjectFood Science
dc.subjectNutrition and Dietetics
dc.subjectSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being
dc.titleFactors That May Affect Breast Milk Macronutrient and Energy Contenten
dc.title.subtitleA Critical Reviewen
dc.typereview
degois.publication.issue15
degois.publication.titleNutrients
degois.publication.volume17
dspace.entity.typePublication
person.familyNamePereira-da-Silva
person.givenNameLuís
person.identifier170920
person.identifier.ciencia-id001E-3D9B-A4CF
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-6480-1048
person.identifier.ridA-3469-2008
rcaap.rightsopenAccess
relation.isAuthorOfPublication69bc8408-2804-4ca3-a938-90b72cadda88
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery69bc8408-2804-4ca3-a938-90b72cadda88

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