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Um mundo monocromático
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A presente dissertação propõe-se a analisar o impacto social e securitário da ausência de moderação no discurso político contemporâneo, num contexto marcado pela crescente polarização ideológica, a radicalização das opiniões públicas e a ascensão de movimentos extremistas em sociedades democráticas.
Um dos principais pressupostos teóricos que orienta esta investigação parte do “Paradoxo da Tolerância” de Karl Popper, segundo o qual pressupõe que a intolerância alimenta a própria intolerância, o que pode conduzir à destruição da própria sociedade tolerante, aplicando esta reflexão ao ambiente sociopolítico e securitário atual, especialmente na era digital.
Através de uma abordagem metodológica mista, que combina a análise teórica e estudos de caso, examina-se o papel central das redes sociais na difusão de discursos extremistas, desinformação e propaganda política. Para além desta análise qualitativa, esta dissertação também inclui uma abordagem quantitativa, através da análise de um questionário a uma pequena amostra de cidadãos portugueses sobre as temáticas acima referidas.
As plataformas digitais não só amplificam ideais extremistas, como também minam o espaço destinado ao diálogo democrático, favorecendo a exclusão de minorias e o antagonismo em detrimento do debate racional e pluralista.
A legitimação de discursos radicais, outrora classificados como marginais, tem contribuído para o enfraquecimento das instituições democráticas e para a erosão da confiança nas estruturas multilaterais. Neste quadro, são analisados fenómenos como o populismo, nacionalismo, movimentos de extrema-direita e extrema-esquerda e a desinformação à luz de contributos teóricos provenientes da ciência política e estudos de segurança.
Conclui-se que a desregulação do discurso político, potenciada pela lógica do algoritmo e pela desinformação online, representa uma ameaça real à coesão democrática. Esta investigação propõe, por fim, uma reflexão sobre os caminhos possíveis para salvaguardar a moderação, a literacia crítica e a integridade institucional como pilares fundamentais para a sustentabilidade das democracias liberais.
This dissertation aims to analyse the social and security implications of the lack of moderation in contemporary political discourse within a context characterised by increasing ideological polarisation, the radicalisation of public opinion, and the emergence of extremist movements within democratic societies. One of the main theoretical assumptions guiding this research is Karl Popper's 'Paradox of Tolerance', which suggests that intolerance breeds intolerance, potentially leading to the destruction of a tolerant society. This concept is applied to the current sociopolitical and security landscape, particularly in the digital age. Using a mixed approach combining theoretical analysis and case studies, this dissertation examines the central role of social media in disseminating extremist discourse, disinformation, and political propaganda. Alongside this qualitative analysis, the dissertation also adopts a quantitative approach by analysing a questionnaire completed by a small sample of Portuguese citizens on the aforementioned topics. Digital platforms not only amplify extremist ideals but also undermine democratic dialogue by favouring exclusion and antagonism over rational, pluralistic debate. The legitimisation of radical discourses that were once considered marginal has contributed to the deterioration of democratic institutions and the erosion of trust in multilateral structures. In this context, phenomena such as populism, nationalism, and far-right and farleft movements are analysed alongside disinformation, considering theoretical contributions from political science and security studies. The research concludes that the deregulation of political discourse, fuelled by the logic of algorithms and online disinformation, poses a real threat to democratic cohesion. Ultimately, the research proposes ways to safeguard moderation, critical literacy and institutional integrity as the fundamental pillars of liberal democracy.
This dissertation aims to analyse the social and security implications of the lack of moderation in contemporary political discourse within a context characterised by increasing ideological polarisation, the radicalisation of public opinion, and the emergence of extremist movements within democratic societies. One of the main theoretical assumptions guiding this research is Karl Popper's 'Paradox of Tolerance', which suggests that intolerance breeds intolerance, potentially leading to the destruction of a tolerant society. This concept is applied to the current sociopolitical and security landscape, particularly in the digital age. Using a mixed approach combining theoretical analysis and case studies, this dissertation examines the central role of social media in disseminating extremist discourse, disinformation, and political propaganda. Alongside this qualitative analysis, the dissertation also adopts a quantitative approach by analysing a questionnaire completed by a small sample of Portuguese citizens on the aforementioned topics. Digital platforms not only amplify extremist ideals but also undermine democratic dialogue by favouring exclusion and antagonism over rational, pluralistic debate. The legitimisation of radical discourses that were once considered marginal has contributed to the deterioration of democratic institutions and the erosion of trust in multilateral structures. In this context, phenomena such as populism, nationalism, and far-right and farleft movements are analysed alongside disinformation, considering theoretical contributions from political science and security studies. The research concludes that the deregulation of political discourse, fuelled by the logic of algorithms and online disinformation, poses a real threat to democratic cohesion. Ultimately, the research proposes ways to safeguard moderation, critical literacy and institutional integrity as the fundamental pillars of liberal democracy.
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Palavras-chave
Extremismo Segurança Democracia Desinformação Extremism Security Democracy Disinformation