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Identidade e Política Externa da Ucrânia (2004-2022)
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Esta dissertação analisa a interação entre identidade e política externa na Ucrânia
entre 2004 e 2022. Através de uma abordagem qualitativa, descritiva e cronológica,
procura-se compreender de que forma os principais acontecimentos político-sociais e
geopolíticos influenciaram a evolução da identidade ucraniana e, consequentemente, o
alinhamento externo do país. A análise centra-se em quatro momentos fundamentais: (i)
a Revolução Laranja e a presidência de Viktor Yushchenko, marcadas por uma tentativa
de aproximação ao Ocidente e de afirmação de uma identidade nacional distinta da
russa; (ii) a presidência de Viktor Yanukovych e a subsequente Revolução da Dignidade,
que revelaram profundas clivagens identitárias e geopolíticas; (iii) o período pósRevolução da Dignidade sob Petro Poroshenko, durante o qual se verificaram a
anexação da Crimeia pela Federação Russa e o início da guerra no Donbass,
consolidando a perceção da Rússia como uma ameaça existencial; e (iv) a presidência
de Volodymyr Zelensky, enquadrada pela invasão russa em larga escala em 2022, que
acelerou o reforço de uma identidade nacional cívica, soberanista e orientada para a
integração euro-atlântica.
Argumenta-se que a política externa da Ucrânia foi progressivamente moldada
por um processo de redefinição identitária que passou de uma configuração ambígua e
fragmentada para uma orientação cada vez mais coesa, assertiva e pró-europeia. Este
processo foi fortemente condicionado pelo antagonismo crescente com a Rússia e pela
aspiração persistente à integração na União Europeia e na Organização do Tratado do
Atlântico Norte, fatores que impulsionaram a construção de uma identidade europeia
ancorada na soberania, na resistência e na autodeterminação.
This dissertation examines the interaction between national identity and foreign policy in Ukraine between 2004 and 2022. Through a qualitative, descriptive, and chronological approach, it seeks to understand how major political, social, and geopolitical events influenced the evolution of Ukrainian identity and, consequently, the country’s foreign policy alignment. The analysis focuses on four key moments: (i) the Orange Revolution and the presidency of Viktor Yushchenko, marked by an attempt to move closer to the West and to affirm a national identity distinct from the Russian one; (ii) the presidency of Viktor Yanukovych and the subsequent Revolution of Dignity, which exposed deep identity-based and geopolitical divisions; (iii) the post-Revolution of Dignity period under Petro Poroshenko, during which the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the outbreak of war in Donbass occurred, reinforcing the perception of Russia as an existential threat; and (iv) the presidency of Volodymyr Zelensky, framed by the full-scale Russian invasion in 2022, which accelerated the consolidation of a civic, sovereign, and Euro-Atlantic-oriented national identity. It is argued that Ukraine’s foreign policy was progressively shaped by a process of identity redefinition that evolved from an ambiguous and fragmented configuration to an increasingly cohesive, assertive, and pro-European orientation. This process was strongly influenced by the growing antagonism with Russia and the persistent aspiration for integration into the European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization — factors that fuelled the construction of a European identity grounded in sovereignty, resistance, and self-determination.
This dissertation examines the interaction between national identity and foreign policy in Ukraine between 2004 and 2022. Through a qualitative, descriptive, and chronological approach, it seeks to understand how major political, social, and geopolitical events influenced the evolution of Ukrainian identity and, consequently, the country’s foreign policy alignment. The analysis focuses on four key moments: (i) the Orange Revolution and the presidency of Viktor Yushchenko, marked by an attempt to move closer to the West and to affirm a national identity distinct from the Russian one; (ii) the presidency of Viktor Yanukovych and the subsequent Revolution of Dignity, which exposed deep identity-based and geopolitical divisions; (iii) the post-Revolution of Dignity period under Petro Poroshenko, during which the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the outbreak of war in Donbass occurred, reinforcing the perception of Russia as an existential threat; and (iv) the presidency of Volodymyr Zelensky, framed by the full-scale Russian invasion in 2022, which accelerated the consolidation of a civic, sovereign, and Euro-Atlantic-oriented national identity. It is argued that Ukraine’s foreign policy was progressively shaped by a process of identity redefinition that evolved from an ambiguous and fragmented configuration to an increasingly cohesive, assertive, and pro-European orientation. This process was strongly influenced by the growing antagonism with Russia and the persistent aspiration for integration into the European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization — factors that fuelled the construction of a European identity grounded in sovereignty, resistance, and self-determination.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Ucrânia Ukraine Identidade Identity Política externa Foreign policy Integração europeia European integration Rússia