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Prevalence of myopia in Europe
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Resumo(s)
Background: Although myopia prevalence increased in East Asian countries, the burden of myopia in Europe is less known. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of myopia in Europe and at the country level. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science to identify studies on myopia prevalence published until January 2024, regardless of language. We included European cross-sectional and cohort studies with defined sampling strategies and excluded clinical surveys, myopia registries, self-reported near-sightedness, and non-representative populations. Pooled prevalence was estimated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran's Q (χ2 test) and the I2 statistic. The study protocol was preregistered in PROSPERO (CRD42023471527). Findings: We screened 2074 records and included 22 studies (from 14 European countries; n = 128,012) in the meta-analyses. The pooled prevalence of myopia was 23.5% (95% CI: 18.5–29.3; I2 = 99.7%), ranging from 11.9% in Finland to 49.7% in Sweden. In cycloplegic studies, myopia prevalence was 18.9% (95% CI: 13.2–26.5%; I2 = 99.7%) vs. 31.2% (95% CI: 24.9–38.3%; I2 = 99.3%) in non-cycloplegic studies. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses exploring sources of heterogeneity showed a lower prevalence in children (6–11 years; 5.5%) compared with adolescents (12–17 years; 25.2%) and adults (18–39 years; 24.3%) in cycloplegic studies. No significant differences in prevalence were observed between sexes. Myopia prevalence increased significantly between 2000–2010 and 2011–2022 (p = 0.040), although age-specific trends remained stable. Interpretation: Myopia prevalence in Europe is lower than in Asia, with a less pronounced increase that disappears after stratifying by cycloplegic refraction and age. These findings highlight the need for age-specific data and cycloplegic refraction in future studies to reduce heterogeneity. Uneven country representation may limit the generalisability of these results. Funding: The present publication was funded by Fundação Ciência e Tecnologia, IP national support through UID/04923—Comprehensive Health Research Centre.
Descrição
Funding Information: The present publication was funded by Funda\u00E7\u00E3o Ci\u00EAncia e Tecnologia , IP national support through UID/04923\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Centre. Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
Palavras-chave
Cycloplegic refraction Europe Meta-analysis Myopia Prevalence Internal Medicine Oncology Health Policy SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being