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Sincretismos, influências e conflitos em rituais e práticas religiosas em Angola no século XVII
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Este é um trabalho sobre a história de África, mais precisamente sobre a presença dos portugueses na África Centro-Ocidental durante o século XVII, na região de Angola. Pretende-se compreender a interação entre as culturas europeia e africana ao investigar as crenças e o quotidiano religioso das populações nativas antes e depois da chegada dos portugueses, perceber os ngangas e como se organizavam e, ainda, entender a introdução e adaptação de missionários europeus ao novo território. A investigação também explora a natureza dos juramentos africanos - julgamentos sociais presididos pelos sacerdotes locais - e como estas práticas, os seus objetos e os seus símbolos orientaram a vida dos africanos durante a presença portuguesa. Assim é possível identificar sincretismos locais, diálogos e influências cristãs e africanas em ambas as culturas e conflitos culturais. A investigação é guiada pelas obras do padre João António Cavazzi e do militar António de Oliveira de Cadornega, apoiadas por cartas que compõem alguns volumes da obra Monumenta Missionária Africana do padre António Brásio e gravuras do século XVII. Essas fontes permitem a caracterização e categorização dos ngangas de acordo com a cosmologia baconga, a qual influenciou as crenças da África Centro-Ocidental, considerando o poder e influência, do Reino do Congo na região até à chegada dos portugueses. Foi possível abordar o modo como os ngangas foram responsáveis pela perpetuação das crenças africanas, após a chegada dos portugueses e dos missionários europeus, os quais tencionavam a conversão e uma hegemonia das práticas religiosas europeias. Contudo, a africanização por parte dos europeus com a adoção de conceitos e performances africanas, permitiu que as sociedades locais, de forma discreta, mantivessem as suas crenças e práticas culturais. No entanto, a categorização dos ngangas segundo a cosmologia baconga e o enquadrando dos seus juramentos ilustram uma europeização dos africanos. Assim, se por um lado, os missionários tentaram substituir os costumes tradicionais africanos, por outro a persistência dos ngangas junto das sociedades locais continuou a influenciar tanto africanos como europeus.
This is a work about the history of Africa, more precisely about the Portuguese presence in West-Central Africa during the 17th century, in the region of Angola. The aim is to understand the interaction between European and African cultures by investigating the beliefs and daily religious life of the native populations before and after the arrival of the Portuguese, to understand the ngangas and how they organised themselves, and to understand the introduction and adaptation of European missionaries to the new territory. The research also explores the nature of African oaths - social judgements presided over by local priests - and how these practices, their objects and symbols guided the lives of Africans during the Portuguese presence. In this way, it is possible to identify local syncretisms, Christian and African dialogues and influences in both cultures, and cultural conflicts. The research is guided by the works of Father João António Cavazzi and the military man António de Oliveira de Cadornega, supported by letters that make up some volumes of Father António Brásio's Monumenta Missionária Africana and 17th century engravings. These sources allow us to characterise and categorise the ngangas according to Baconga cosmology, which influenced the beliefs of West Central Africa, considering the power and influence of the Kingdom of Congo in the region until the arrival of the Portuguese. It was possible to see how the ngangas were responsible for perpetuating African beliefs after the arrival of the Portuguese and European missionaries, who were intent on conversion and the hegemony of European religious practices. However, the Africanisation by the Europeans, with the adoption of African concepts and performances, allowed local societies to discreetly maintain their cultural beliefs and practices. However, the categorisation of the ngangas according to Baconga cosmology and the framing of their oaths illustrate the Europeanisation of Africans. If, on the one hand, the missionaries tried to replace traditional African customs, on the other, the persistence of the ngangas in local societies continued to influence both Africans and Europeans.
This is a work about the history of Africa, more precisely about the Portuguese presence in West-Central Africa during the 17th century, in the region of Angola. The aim is to understand the interaction between European and African cultures by investigating the beliefs and daily religious life of the native populations before and after the arrival of the Portuguese, to understand the ngangas and how they organised themselves, and to understand the introduction and adaptation of European missionaries to the new territory. The research also explores the nature of African oaths - social judgements presided over by local priests - and how these practices, their objects and symbols guided the lives of Africans during the Portuguese presence. In this way, it is possible to identify local syncretisms, Christian and African dialogues and influences in both cultures, and cultural conflicts. The research is guided by the works of Father João António Cavazzi and the military man António de Oliveira de Cadornega, supported by letters that make up some volumes of Father António Brásio's Monumenta Missionária Africana and 17th century engravings. These sources allow us to characterise and categorise the ngangas according to Baconga cosmology, which influenced the beliefs of West Central Africa, considering the power and influence of the Kingdom of Congo in the region until the arrival of the Portuguese. It was possible to see how the ngangas were responsible for perpetuating African beliefs after the arrival of the Portuguese and European missionaries, who were intent on conversion and the hegemony of European religious practices. However, the Africanisation by the Europeans, with the adoption of African concepts and performances, allowed local societies to discreetly maintain their cultural beliefs and practices. However, the categorisation of the ngangas according to Baconga cosmology and the framing of their oaths illustrate the Europeanisation of Africans. If, on the one hand, the missionaries tried to replace traditional African customs, on the other, the persistence of the ngangas in local societies continued to influence both Africans and Europeans.
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África Centro-Ocidental Religião Cristianismo Idolatria Ngangas Práticas locais West Central Africa Religion Christianity Idolatry Local practices