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Perfil das exposições ocupacionais a material biológico entre profissionais de saúde do Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes (Guiné-Bissau): riscos e medidas preventivas
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RESUMO - A exposição dos Profissionais de Saúde (PS) a material biológico em hospitais é frequente, independentemente de existirem regras de segurança e serem adotadas (ou não) medidas de prevenção. Foram poucos os estudos que avaliaram estes acidentes nos PS em África, bem como o impacto das várias medidas de prevenção possíveis. O objetivo principal do presente estudo visa a identificação do perfil epidemiológico ocupacional dos PS do Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes (HNSM), na Guiné-Bissau, que tiveram pelo menos um acidente de trabalho com exposição a material biológico, nos últimos cinco anos. São ainda incluídos como objetivos a identificação da situação vacinal prévia dos mesmos, dos procedimentos seguidos após o acidente de trabalho, das medidas preventivas em vigor e das principais causas da incidência nestes profissionais de saúde. Realizou-se um estudo de caráter exploratório e descritivo, foi aplicado um questionário estruturado com uma amostra de 237 PS, num universo de 702 que trabalham no hospital, correspondendo a cerca de 33,8% do total. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a maioria dos PS que exercem as suas atividades profissionais no HNSM, apresentam uma grande vulnerabilidade, risco elevado de AT e de adquirir doenças profissionais face à exposição ocupacional a material biológico, fundamentalmente devido à desorganização e às características inadequadas do local e ambiente de trabalho, nomeadamente a falta de meios e equipamentos de prevenção. Constatou-se também, por outro lado, a falta de literacia em Higiene e Segurança do Trabalho (HST) ou em Saúde Ocupacional (SO) por parte dos PS. Na globalidade da amostra, registou-se uma prevalência de 44,3% de acidente com exposição a material biológico, envolvendo maioritariamente profissionais do sexo feminino (65%) e a classe de enfermagem (55,1%). A prevalência de acidente com matérias perfurocortante foi de (53,1%) Os dados obtidos revelaram ainda que a exposição percutânea é o acidente mais prevalente (54,5%), seguindo-se a exposição a sangue (48,4%), a administração de medicação intravenosa (31,4%), a utilização de agulha com lúmen (41,7 %), a ausência de notificação (46,6%), a falta de vacinação (48,2%), a não indicação de quimioprofilaxia (50,7%) e ainda os cerca de 46,3% que ignoram a evolução do caso, ou seja, a ausência de relato dos casos, após a exposição ocupacional e acidente com material biológico.
ABSTRACT - It is common for Healthcare workers (HCW) to be exposed to biological material in hospitals, regardless of the existence of preventive measures that are adopted or not. Furthermore, to date, there have been few studies in Africa that have evaluated its incidence in PS, as well as the impact of the various possible prevention measures. The main purpose of the present study is to identify the occupational epidemiological profile of HCW at the Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes (HNSM), in Guinea-Bissau, who had at least one occupational accident with exposure to biological material in the last five years. As a secondary objective, it should be included the previous vaccination status, the procedures followed after the accident at work, the existence of preventive measures and the identification of the main causes of the incidence in these HCW. Based on an exploratory and descriptive study, a structured questionnaire was applied with a sample of 237 HCW, in a universe of 702 who work in the hospital, corresponding to about 33.8% of the total. The results of the study indicate that the majority of HCW who carry out their professional activities in the HNSM, present a great vulnerability, high risk of work accident and of acquiring occupational diseases resulting from of occupational exposure, given the disorganization and the characteristics of the place and work environment, namely the lack of means and equipment for prevention. On the other hand, there was also a lack of literacy in Health and Safety at Work (HSW) and in Occupational Health (OH) from the HCW of the hospital. In the entire sample, there was an incidence of 44.3% of accidents with exposure to biological material, involving mostly female professionals (65%) and the nursing class (55.1%). The prevalence of accidents with sharp materials was (53.1%). The data obtained also revealed that percutaneous exposure is the most prevalent accident (54.5%), followed by exposure to blood (48.4%), administration of intravenous medication (31.4%), use of a needle with a lumen (41.7%), lack of notification (46.6%), lack of vaccination (48.2%), non-indication of chemoprophylaxis (50, 7%) and about 46.3% who ignore the evolution of the case, that is, the absence of case reports, after occupational exposure and accident with biological material.
ABSTRACT - It is common for Healthcare workers (HCW) to be exposed to biological material in hospitals, regardless of the existence of preventive measures that are adopted or not. Furthermore, to date, there have been few studies in Africa that have evaluated its incidence in PS, as well as the impact of the various possible prevention measures. The main purpose of the present study is to identify the occupational epidemiological profile of HCW at the Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes (HNSM), in Guinea-Bissau, who had at least one occupational accident with exposure to biological material in the last five years. As a secondary objective, it should be included the previous vaccination status, the procedures followed after the accident at work, the existence of preventive measures and the identification of the main causes of the incidence in these HCW. Based on an exploratory and descriptive study, a structured questionnaire was applied with a sample of 237 HCW, in a universe of 702 who work in the hospital, corresponding to about 33.8% of the total. The results of the study indicate that the majority of HCW who carry out their professional activities in the HNSM, present a great vulnerability, high risk of work accident and of acquiring occupational diseases resulting from of occupational exposure, given the disorganization and the characteristics of the place and work environment, namely the lack of means and equipment for prevention. On the other hand, there was also a lack of literacy in Health and Safety at Work (HSW) and in Occupational Health (OH) from the HCW of the hospital. In the entire sample, there was an incidence of 44.3% of accidents with exposure to biological material, involving mostly female professionals (65%) and the nursing class (55.1%). The prevalence of accidents with sharp materials was (53.1%). The data obtained also revealed that percutaneous exposure is the most prevalent accident (54.5%), followed by exposure to blood (48.4%), administration of intravenous medication (31.4%), use of a needle with a lumen (41.7%), lack of notification (46.6%), lack of vaccination (48.2%), non-indication of chemoprophylaxis (50, 7%) and about 46.3% who ignore the evolution of the case, that is, the absence of case reports, after occupational exposure and accident with biological material.
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Exposição ocupacional Profissionais de saúde Material biológico Riscos ocupacionais Occupational exposure Health professionals Biological material Occupational hazards