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Análise da dinâmica de gestão de resíduos de construção e demolição com amianto
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O setor da construção destaca-se pelo elevado consumo de matérias-primas e pelo intensivo uso de energia, culminando na produção de grandes quantidades de resíduos, especificamente denominados de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD), que incluem os
RCD com amianto (RCDA). Especificamente, o amianto foi um mineral bastante utilizado no
setor da construção dadas as suas propriedades a nível de resistência, isolamento e durabilidade. No entanto, a partir do século XX, estudos começaram a indicar uma relação entre uma
exposição prolongada às fibras deste mineral e doenças graves, como mesotelioma e cancro
do pulmão, culminando mais tarde no designar de uma doença particular e exclusivamente
causada pela exposição a estas fibras, a asbestose. Em Portugal, a proibição da utilização e comercialização do amianto deu-se em 2005, sendo a gestão destes resíduos crucial de modo a
diminuir cada vez mais a exposição dos trabalhadores a estas fibras nocivas à saúde humana.
Neste contexto, esta dissertação de mestrado teve como objetivo a realização de uma análise crítica à gestão de RCDA em Portugal. A abordagem metodológica apresentou duas vertentes: uma abordagem qualitativa, através do contacto com diversos intervenientes na cadeia
de valor destes resíduos em Portugal, assim como entidades europeias com responsabilidade nesta matéria, e uma componente quantitativa, referente à análise de dados providenciados pela Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente (APA).
A nível dos contactos realizados, em Portugal, vários intervenientes mencionaram a legislação como sendo vaga e existirem procedimentos administrativos que são excessivos, enquanto o contacto com as entidades europeias permitiu reunir uma perspetiva de possíveis
melhorias a sugerir para o contexto nacional. Por outro lado, utilizando a base oficial de registo de resíduos, o Sistema Integrado de Registo Eletrónico de Resíduos, da APA, a análise
de dados teve como foco inicial a avaliação do atual panorama ao nível da produção e tratamento de RCDA. Posteriormente, foi possível explorar os fatores que impactaram os resultados analisados como, por exemplo, a pandemia de COVID-19, financiamento para obras
de remoção de amianto e os preços praticados pelos operadores de tratamento final destes resíduos. Adicionalmente, tentou-se entender se a localização geográfica e a dimensão das empresas de construção são fatores que condicionam a gestão de RCDA, aferindo-se que a dimensão de empresas, de facto, influencia. Além disso, as empresas portuguesas declaram
um maior número de registos com os códigos de operação para armazenagem do que registos
com códigos de operação para eliminação. Avaliou-se ainda a robustez do sistema de registo,
que se concluiu possuir diversos aspetos que podem ser melhorados, como por exemplo no
que se refere às diferenças existentes entre quantidades declaradas de RCDA tratados e o registo referente ao transporte destes resíduos, através das guias eletrónicas de acompanhamento de resíduos (e-GAR).
Este estudo permitiu, concretamente, diagnosticar e avaliar como funciona atualmente o
sistema de registo de resíduos para os RCDA e considerar os fatores que se depreende influenciarem a sua gestão, em Portugal. O estudo contribui ainda com uma análise crítica à atual
gestão destes resíduos e sugere possíveis ações de melhoria a aplicar, para que exista tomada
de decisão mais informada e inclusiva de todos os intervenientes na cadeia de valor dos
RCDA.
The construction sector is characterised by the high consumption of raw materials and the intensive use of energy, resulting in the production of large volumes of waste, specifically known as construction and demolition waste (CDW), which includes asbestos-containing CDW (ACDW). Specifically, asbestos was a mineral widely used in the construction sector due to its properties in terms of strength, insulation, and durability. However, from the 20th century onwards, studies began to indicate a link between prolonged exposure to the fibres of this mineral and serious diseases, such as mesothelioma and lung cancer, eventually leading to the designation of a specific disease exclusively caused by exposure to these fibres: asbestosis. In Portugal, the ban on the use and commercialisation of asbestos was implemented in 2005, making the management of these wastes crucial in order to further reduce workers' exposure to these health-hazardous fibres. In this context, this master's dissertation aimed to conduct a critical analysis of the management of ACDW in Portugal. The methodological approach had two strands: a qualitative approach, through contact with various stakeholders in the value chain of this waste in Portugal, as well as European entities responsible for this matter, and a quantitative component, referring to the analysis of data provided by the Portuguese Environment Agency (APA). In terms of the contacts made in Portugal, several stakeholders mentioned that the legislation is vague and that there are excessive administrative procedures, while contact with European entities provided a perspective on possible improvements to be suggested for the national context. On the other hand, using the official waste registration database, the APA's Integrated Electronic Waste Registration System, the data analysis initially focused on assessing the current situation in terms of ACDW production and treatment. Subsequently, it was possible to explore the factors that impacted the results, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, funding for asbestos removal works, and the prices charged by final treatment operators for this waste. Additionally, an attempt was made to understand whether geographical location and the size of construction companies are factors that influence the management of ACDW, and it was found that the size of companies does, in fact, have an impact. Furthermore, Portuguese companies report a greater number of records under operational codes for storage rather than records under operational codes for disposal. The robustness of the registration system was also assessed, and it was concluded that there are several aspects that can be improved, such as the discrepancies between the quantities of ACDW treated and the records concerning the transport of this waste, as recorded through the electronic waste tracking forms (eGAR). This study specifically allowed for diagnosing and evaluating how the waste registration system for ACDW currently functions, and for considering the factors that influence its management in Portugal. The study also contributes with a critical analysis of the current management of ACDW and suggests possible improvement actions to be implemented, in order to enable more informed decision-making, which includes all stakeholders in the ACDW value chain.
The construction sector is characterised by the high consumption of raw materials and the intensive use of energy, resulting in the production of large volumes of waste, specifically known as construction and demolition waste (CDW), which includes asbestos-containing CDW (ACDW). Specifically, asbestos was a mineral widely used in the construction sector due to its properties in terms of strength, insulation, and durability. However, from the 20th century onwards, studies began to indicate a link between prolonged exposure to the fibres of this mineral and serious diseases, such as mesothelioma and lung cancer, eventually leading to the designation of a specific disease exclusively caused by exposure to these fibres: asbestosis. In Portugal, the ban on the use and commercialisation of asbestos was implemented in 2005, making the management of these wastes crucial in order to further reduce workers' exposure to these health-hazardous fibres. In this context, this master's dissertation aimed to conduct a critical analysis of the management of ACDW in Portugal. The methodological approach had two strands: a qualitative approach, through contact with various stakeholders in the value chain of this waste in Portugal, as well as European entities responsible for this matter, and a quantitative component, referring to the analysis of data provided by the Portuguese Environment Agency (APA). In terms of the contacts made in Portugal, several stakeholders mentioned that the legislation is vague and that there are excessive administrative procedures, while contact with European entities provided a perspective on possible improvements to be suggested for the national context. On the other hand, using the official waste registration database, the APA's Integrated Electronic Waste Registration System, the data analysis initially focused on assessing the current situation in terms of ACDW production and treatment. Subsequently, it was possible to explore the factors that impacted the results, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, funding for asbestos removal works, and the prices charged by final treatment operators for this waste. Additionally, an attempt was made to understand whether geographical location and the size of construction companies are factors that influence the management of ACDW, and it was found that the size of companies does, in fact, have an impact. Furthermore, Portuguese companies report a greater number of records under operational codes for storage rather than records under operational codes for disposal. The robustness of the registration system was also assessed, and it was concluded that there are several aspects that can be improved, such as the discrepancies between the quantities of ACDW treated and the records concerning the transport of this waste, as recorded through the electronic waste tracking forms (eGAR). This study specifically allowed for diagnosing and evaluating how the waste registration system for ACDW currently functions, and for considering the factors that influence its management in Portugal. The study also contributes with a critical analysis of the current management of ACDW and suggests possible improvement actions to be implemented, in order to enable more informed decision-making, which includes all stakeholders in the ACDW value chain.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Setor da construção Amianto Resíduo de construção e demolição com amianto (RCDA) Gestão de resíduos perigosos