Stein, Dan J.Kazdin, Alan E.Baldwin, David S.Harris, Meredith G.Hwang, IrvingPozuelo, Julia R.Sampson, Nancy A.Woodruff, PeterViana, Maria CarmenAguilar-Gaxiola, SergioAl-Hamzawi, AliAlonso, JordiAndrade, Laura HelenaBenjet, CorinaBruffaerts, RonnyCaldas-de-Almeida, José MiguelChardoul, Stephaniede Girolamo, GiovanniGureje, OyeHaro, Josep M.Karam, Elie G.Karam, AimeeKovess-Masfety, VivianeNavarro-Mateu, FernandoNishi, DaisukePosada-Villa, JoséRoest, AnneliekeStagnaro, Juan CarlosVladescu, CristianVigo, Daniel V.Kessler, Ronald C.2026-01-222026-01-222026-011099-1077PURE: 149391194PURE UUID: 1b23e294-9a96-434c-9a75-9a9ddea346a9Scopus: 105026422522PubMed: 41474294http://hdl.handle.net/10362/199634Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s). Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND: Anxiolytic medications, particularly benzodiazepines, are widely prescribed, giving impetus to long-standing debates about how often these agents should be employed in clinical practice. There are, however, few cross-country studies of the pharmacoepidemiology of these agents. We report on the frequency of anxiolytic medication use, reasons for use, and perceived effectiveness of use in general population surveys across 20 countries. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews with community samples totaling n = 49,919 respondents in the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys asked about anxiolytic medication use anytime in the prior 12 months in conjunction with validated fully structured diagnostic interviews. Treatment questions were administered independently of diagnoses to all respondents. RESULTS: A weighted 5.6% (n = 4079) of respondents reported anxiolytic medication use within the past 12 months; the vast majority comprised benzodiazepine use, and use was highest amongst respondents with a subthreshold major depressive episode (MDE) (25.2%) and a 12-month MDE (19.8%). Rates were significantly higher in high-income countries (HICs) than low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (8.5% vs. 2.2%, χ21 = 559.6, p < 0.001). Short-acting benzodiazepines and z-drugs were most commonly used for sleep (66.5% and 85.5%), while intermediate-acting benzodiazepines and long-acting benzodiazepines were most commonly used either for sleep (37.9% and 30.1%) or anxiety (33.3% and 32.0%). Across all conditions, anxiolytic medications were reported as very effective by 55.7% of users and somewhat effective by an additional 32.2% of users, with similar proportions in HICs and LMICs. Negative predictors of high perceived effectiveness were a 12-month MDE and taking anxiolytic medication for comorbid anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION: These data do not definitely answer the question of how often benzodiazepines should be prescribed in clinical practice, but they usefully inform discussions of how to optimize their use. It is noteworthy that anxiolytic medications, particularly benzodiazepines, are largely prescribed for anxiety and sleep, and that they are widely perceived to be either very or somewhat effective by users. However, more targeted prescription of these agents may be necessary; in particular antidepressant intervention should be prioritized in the pharmacotherapy of major depressive disorder.426886enganxiolytic medicationsperceived effectivenessreasons for useNeurologyClinical NeurologyPsychiatry and Mental healthPharmacology (medical)SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-beingjournal article10.1002/hup.70031https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105026422522