Amaral, LucianoSholes, Natalie Inês2024-11-272024-11-272024-01-222023-12-20http://hdl.handle.net/10362/175889This thesis examines the degree of universality of Scandinavian welfare states between 1990 and 2019, providing evidence challenging the claim of declining universality. The evaluation is strengthened by employing the QWEST Index to analyze country-level data on socioeconomic indicators, offering a more granular inspection than the current literature. The following analysis reveals diverging trends among socioeconomic indicators and the overall degree of universality in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. These trends are attributed to policy reforms influenced by historical economic context and national priorities emphasizing equality and social inclusion provided by the welfare state.engWelfare stateScandinaviaUniversalityQwest indexPolicy reformmaster thesis203679628