FCSH: DGPR - Artigos em revista internacional com arbitragem científica
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- GIS for crime analysisPublication . Ferreira, Jorge; João, Paulo; Martins, José; Departamento de Geografia e Planeamento Regional (DGPR); e-GEO -Centro de Estudos de Geografia e Planeamento Regional; Academic Conferences LtdThe term crime analysis refers to a concept and to a discipline practiced in the policing community. It includes analysis of more than just a crime, which is why some authors refer to it as public safety analysis. However, over the last few years crime an alysis has become a general term that includes a lot of research subcategories: intelligence analysis, criminal investigative analysis, tactical crime analysis, strategic crime analysis, operation analysis and administrative crime analysis. Crime mapping and spatial analysis complements all of them and plays a crucial role in defining new forms of representation and visualization to better understand crime and to respond adequately to the problem of criminality. A new worldwide socio‑economical order lead to an increasing number on crime rates and raised the need to find new ways to handle information about criminality. To better understand its causes, local, regional and national security authorities turned to new decision support tools such as Geographi c Information Systems (GIS) and other information technologies to find better solutions. To understand the magnitude of all the variables involved it is necessary to spatially capture and correlate them. Only by doing that it´s possible to quantify and qualify some hidden aspects of the phenomena. The city of Lisbon with is new proposed administrative division, reducing from 53 to 24 freguesias (minimum administrative division and similar to parishs) implies an enormous degree of uncertainty in the observation and location of criminal data. As the crime is not treated with an exact point, but at the level of parish, it implies that larger parishes are treated by the average crime regardless of place of occurrence. This research combines statistica l methods (cluster analysis) and spatial models created with GIS, based on police crime reports. It also details a framework for short‑term tactical deployment of police resources in which the objective is the identification of areas where the crime lev els are high (enough) to enable accurate predictive models as well as to produce rigorous thematic maps. In recent years police services have engaged on proactive and Intelligence‑Led Policing (ILP) methods. This advance was coincident with the recogn ition of law‑enforcement solutions at local level. This paper also engages an approach to ILP as a methodology to provide the necessary tools for Decision Support System (DSS) of police departments.
- Território da mesorregião geográfica Sudeste ParanaensePublication . Knorek, Reinaldo; Schöner, Ancelmo; Julião, Rui Pedro; Departamento de Geografia e Planeamento Regional (DGPR); Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências Sociais (CICS.NOVA - NOVA FCSH)Este artigo se fundamenta na área do desenvolvimento regional, baseada em análises no escopo dos indicadores sociais e educacionais, nos delimites do território da Mesorregião Geográfica Sudeste Paranaense. Porquanto, a análise na espacialidade é sobre os dados divulgados nos três últimos Censos do IBGE (1991-2000-2010). De tal modo, esse Território é configurado por 21 municípios, foco do estudo, que está dividido geograficamente em quatro microrregiões: 1) Microrregião Geográfica Prudentópolis. 2) Microrregião Geográfica Irati, 3) Microrregião Geográfica União da Vitória e; 4) Microrregião Geográfica São Mateus do Sul. Essa microrregião se caracteriza por possuir: baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), grande número de beneficiários da política pública do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), baixo dinamismo econômico na geração de emprego e renda, pouco dinamismo industrial e tendo como principal atividade econômica a exploração agropecuária, principalmente, em atividades associadas à agricultura familiar O método aplicado é o exploratório-descritivo, tendo como base a coleta dos dados divulgados pelos censos, na apreciação do recorte territorial. Conclui-se, na apreciação que a espacialidade territorial passa por uma evolução medida e observada em porcentagens, visto que os indicadores educacionais revelam na análise territorial, a contribuição para o desenvolvimento social e comunitário na mesorregião geográfica Sudeste Paranaense. This article is based on the area of regional development, based on analyses in the scope of social and educational indicators, in the boundaries of the territory of the Southeast Paraná Geographic Mesoregion. Because the spatiality analysis is about the data published in the last three IBGE Censuses (1991-2000-2010). Thus, this Territory is configured by 21 municipalities, the focus of the study, which is geographically divided into four microregions: 1) Prudentópolis geographic microregion. 2) Irati geographic microregion, 3) União da Vitória geographic microregion and; 4) São Mateus do Sul geographic microregion. This micro-region is characterized by having: low Municipal Human Development Index (IDHM), large number of beneficiaries of the public policy of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF), low economic dynamism in the generation of employment and income, little industrial dynamism and having as main economic activity agricultural exploitation, mainly in activities associated with family agriculture. The method applied is exploratory-descriptive, based on the collection of data disclosed by the censuses, in the assessment of the territorial cutout. It is concluded, in the assessment that territorial spatiality goes through an evolution measured and observed in percentages, since the educational indicators reveal in the territorial analysis, the contribution to social and community development in the Southeast geographic mesoregion of Paraná.
- Metodologia de Organização de Dados Temporais para o Cadastro Territorial Multi-finalitárioPublication . Sass, Glaucia Gabriel; Amorim, Amilton; Julião, Rui Pedro; Departamento de Geografia e Planeamento Regional (DGPR); Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências Sociais (CICS.NOVA - NOVA FCSH); Sociedade Brasileira de Cartografia, Geodesia, Fotogrametria e Sensoriamento RemotoAtualmente, as mais diversas áreas da ciência buscamno passado dados para entender o presente e construir o futuro, indicando como a história é importante em nossas vidas. No Cadastro Territorial Multifinalitário (CTM) não é diferente, conhecer como eram os dados do CTM no passado pode indicar como houve aocupação de um território e permite planejar como se desenvolverão as próximas ações de ocupação. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia para a organização de dados temporais para o CTM. A proposta metodológica consiste em uma série de etapas que, a partir do conceito de DataWarehousing, possibilitam organizar dados históricos, provenientes de diferentes fontes, unindo-os a dados atuais para gerar novas informações. Este método, aliado às ferramentas tecnológicas, permitiram unir em uma mesma base de dados, dados "diferentes" em sua estrutura e semântica, adquiridos em épocas distintas. Esse procedimento disponibiliza a história dos dados cadastrais, permitindo verificar como era, como é e fazer uma previsão do futuro daquele dado. A proposta metodológica se mostrou viável porque todas as tecnologias empregadas são livres e também porque as etapas são iterativas, ou seja, uma vez construído o modelo multidimensional, novas bases de dados podem ser inseridas no CTM temporal, baseado no DataWarehousing. Nowadays, most diverse science areas search for past data to understand the present and build the future. In Multipurpose Territorial Cadastre (MTC), knowing the past can indicate in what manner there was an occupation of a territory also allowing one to plan on how to develop the next occupation actions. Our objective is to present a methodology for the organization of temporal data for the MTC. The methodological proposal consists of a series of steps that, from the concept of Data Warehousing, allows one to organize historical information from different sources, joining it to current data to generate new information. This method, along with the technological tools, allowed one to unite in a same database, "different" data in its structure and semantics acquired in different times. This procedure provides the history of the Cadastre data, and it is possible to verify what it was like, what it is like and allows a forecast of the future of that data. The methodological proposal proved viable because all the technologies employed are free and because the steps are iterative, once the multidimensional model is constructed, new databases can be inserted into the temporal.
- Gold rush or Pandora's box?Publication . Ferreira, Maria Adelaide; Silva, Carlos Manuel Prudente Pereira da; Campbell, Holly V.; Conway, Flaxen; Andrade, Francisco; Johnson, David; Departamento de Geografia e Planeamento Regional (DGPR); Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências Sociais (CICS.NOVA - NOVA FCSH); Martinus Nijhoff PublishersThis article explores the new legal framework for marine spatial planning (MSP) in Portugal. The main focus of the analysis is on the drivers of MSP processes, the consideration given to existing vs. new uses, and on the evaluation of alternatives, based on the U.S. experience, with a focus on perceptions of U.S. MSP practitioners. The Portuguese framework for MSP may lead to favoring new uses over existing ones and defines ambiguous criteria for the selection of alternatives that are mostly financial in nature. The article draws attention to the potential environmental, social and economic risks of improperly addressing competing marine uses in the new Portuguese MSP framework.
- Introducing mapping standards in the quality assessment of buildings extracted from very high resolution satellite imageryPublication . Freire, S.; Santos, T.; Navarro, A.; Soares, F.; Silva, J.D.; Afonso, N.; Fonseca, A.; Tenedório, J.Many municipal activities require updated large-scale maps that include both topographic and thematic information. For this purpose, the efficient use of very high spatial resolution (VHR) satellite imagery suggests the development of approaches that enable a timely discrimination, counting and delineation of urban elements according to legal technical specifications and quality standards. Therefore, the nature of this data source and expanding range of applications calls for objective methods and quantitative metrics to assess the quality of the extracted information which go beyond traditional thematic accuracy alone. The present work concerns the development and testing of a new approach for using technical mapping standards in the quality assessment of buildings automatically extracted from VHR satellite imagery. Feature extraction software was employed to map buildings present in a pansharpened QuickBird image of Lisbon. Quality assessment was exhaustive and involved comparisons of extracted features against a reference data set, introducing cartographic constraints from scales 1:1000, 1:5000, and 1:10,000. The spatial data quality elements subject to evaluation were: thematic (attribute) accuracy, completeness, and geometric quality assessed based on planimetric deviation from the reference map. Tests were developed and metrics analyzed considering thresholds and standards for the large mapping scales most frequently used by municipalities. Results show that values for completeness varied with mapping scales and were only slightly superior for scale 1:10,000. Concerning the geometric quality, a large percentage of extracted features met the strict topographic standards of planimetric deviation for scale 1:10,000, while no buildings were compliant with the specification for scale 1:1000.
- Georeferencing Road Accidents with Google Earth: Transforming Information into Knowledge for Decision SupportPublication . Ferreira, Jorge; Ferreira, JoãoOver the last fifty years mobility practices have changed dramatically, improving the way travel takes place, the time it takes but also on matters like road safety and prevention. High mortality caused by high accident levels has reached untenable levels. But the research into road mortality stayed limited to comparative statistical exercises which go no further than defining accident types. In terms of sharing information and mapping accidents, little progress has been mad, aside from the normal publication of figures, either through simplistic tables or web pages. With considerable technological advances on geographical information technologies, research and development stayed rather static with only a few good examples on dynamic mapping. The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) devices as normal equipments on automobile industry resulted in a more dynamic mobility patterns but also with higher degrees of uncertainty on road traffic. This paper describes a road accident georeferencing project for the Lisbon District involving fatalities and serious injuries during 2007. In the initial phase, individual information summaries were compiled giving information on accidents and its majour characteristics, collected by the security forces: the Public Safety Police Force (Polícia de Segurança Pública - PSP) and the National Guard (Guarda Nacional Republicana - GNR). The Google Earth platform was used to georeference the information in order to inform the public and the authorities of the accident locations, the nature of the location, and the causes and consequences of the accidents. This paper also gives future insights about augmented reality technologies, considered crucial to advances to road safety and prevention studies. At the end, this exercise could be considered a success because of numerous consequences, as for stakeholders who decide what to do but also for the public awareness to the problem of road mortality.
- Geografia Virtual – A Representação do(s) Lugar(es) Físico(s) no Espaço da InternetPublication . Ferreira, JA Geografia tem a ver com o lugar, com a localização, com a sociedade, com o ambiente, com o espaço e com a região. Uma vez que no ciberespaço algumas destas variáveis são difíceis de definir, o campo de pesquisa da geografia virtual terá que ser aprofundado,. Este novo domínio da análise geográfica apresenta-se como uma forma de percepcionar a representação do(s) espaço(s) físico(s) no espaço virtual da Internet. Este artigo pretende mostrar um exemplo de um ‘interface’ de cartografia digital, disponível on-line, que pelas suas características inovadoras representa ‘o estado da arte’ na análise dos espaços reais ou geográficos, no espaço virtual da Internet. A sua escolha prende-se com o facto desta ferramenta utilizar conceitos e fundamentos da Geografia, aos quais foram aplicadas as modernas tecnologias de programação para ambientes da www, como as linguagens VRML, XML, Java e Flash.
- Internet Geography: Spaces of InnovationPublication . Ferreira, JorgeInformation Society plays an important role in all kinds of human activity, inducing new forms of economic and social organization and creating knowledge. Over the last twenty years of the 20th century, large investments in telecommunication networks were made to approach economies and put an end to the asymmetries. The most isolated regions were the beneficiaries of this new technological investment’s wave disseminating trough the territories. The new economic scenarios created by globalisation make high capacity backbones and coherent information society polity, two instruments that could change regions fate and launch them in to an economic development context. Technology could bring international projection to services, products and could be the differentiating element between a national and an international economic strategy. So, the networks and its fluxes are becoming two of the most important variables to the economies. Measuring and representing this new informational accessibility, mapping new communities, finding new patterns and localisation models, could be today’s challenge. In the physical/real space, location is defined by two or three geographical co-ordinates. In the network/virtual space or in cyberspace, geography seems incapable to define location, because it doesn’t have a good model. Trying to solve the problem and based on geographical theories and concepts, new fields of study came to light. Internet Geography is one example. In this paper and using Internet Geography and informational cartography, it was possible to observe and analyse the spacialisation of the Internet phenomenon trough the distribution of the IP addresses in the Portuguese territory. This work shows the great potential and applicability of this indicator to regional development studies, and at the same time. The IP address distribution of Country Code Top Level Domains (.pt for Portugal) could show the same economic patterns, reflecting territorial inflexibility or, by opposition, new regional hierarchies. The spatial concentration or dispersion of top level domains seems to be a good instrument to analyse the info-structural dynamic and economic development of a territory, especially at regional level. At the same time it shows that information technologies are essential to innovation and competitive advantage.
- Geography of the Information SocietyPublication . Ferreira, JorgeAll every day activities take place in space. And it is upon this that all information and knowledge revolve. The latter are the key elements in the organisation of territories. Their creation, use and distribution should therefore occur in a balanced way throughout the whole territory in order to allow all individuals to participate in an egalitarian society, in which the flow of knowledge can take precedence over the flow of interests. The information society depends, to a large extent, on the technological capacity to disseminate information and, consequently, the knowledge throughout territory, thereby creating conditions which allow a more balanced development, from the both the social and economic points of view thus avoiding the existence of info-exclusion territories. Internet should therefore be considered more than a mere technology, given that its importance goes well beyond the frontiers of culture and society. It is already a part of daily life and of the new forms of thinking and transmitting information, thus making it a basic necessity essential, for a full socio-economic development. Its role as a platform of creation and distribution of content is regarded as an indispensable element for education in today’s society, since it makes information a much more easily acquired benefit.”…in the same way that the new technologies of generation and distribution of energy allowed factories and large companies to establish themselves as the organisational bases of industrial society, so the internet today constitutes the technological base of the organisational form that characterises the Information Era: the network” (CASTELLS, 2004:15). The changes taking place today in regional and urban structures are increasingly more evident due to a combination of factors such as faster means of transport, more efficient telecommunications and other cheaper and more advanced technologies of information and knowledge. Although their impact on society is obvious, society itself also has a strong influence on the evolution of these technologies. And although physical distance has lost much of the responsibility it had towards explaining particular phenomena of the economy and of society, other aspects such as telecommunications, new forms of mobility, the networks of innovation, the internet, cyberspace, etc., have become more important, and are the subject of study and profound analysis. The science of geographical information, allows, in a much more rigorous way, the analysis of problems thus integrating in a much more balanced way, the concepts of place, of space and of time. Among the traditional disciplines that have already found their place in this process of research and analysis, we can give special attention to a geography of new spaces, which, while not being a geography of ‘innovation’, nor of the ‘Internet’, nor even ‘virtual’, which can be defined as one of the ‘Information Society’, encompassing not only the technological aspects but also including a socio-economic approach. According to the last European statistical data, Portugal shows a deficit in terms of information and knowledge dissemination among its European partners. Some of the causes are very well identified - low levels of scholarship, weak investments on innovation and R&D (both private and public sector) - but others seem to be hidden behind socio-economical and technological factors. So, the justification of Portugal as the case study appeared naturally, on a difficult quest to find the major causes to territorial asymmetries. The substantial amount of data needed for this work was very difficult to obtain and for the islands of Madeira and Azores was insufficient, so only Continental Portugal was considered for this study. In an effort to understand the various aspects of the Geography of the Information Society and bearing in mind the increasing generalised use of information technologies together with the range of technologies available for the dissemination of information, it is important to: (i) Reflect on the geography of the new socio-technological spaces. (ii) Evaluate the potential for the dissemination of information and knowledge through the selection of variables that allow us to determine the dynamic of a given territory or region; (iii) Define a Geography of the Information Society in Continental Portugal.