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Sleeping with the Outlaw
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Esta dissertação analisa o retrocesso democrático na Hungria, focando-se na forma como o Governo húngaro tira partido da resposta limitada da UE às violações sistemáticas dos valores do artigo 2 TUE, sobretudo o Estado de Direito. O estudo destaca a urgência de ativar o artigo 7 TUE contra a Hungria, apontando os riscos de priorizar os expedientes políticos em detrimento da proteção dos valores fundadores.
Através de uma análise histórica dos Tratados, a dissertação demonstra que o Estado de Direito sempre foi uma condição sine qua non do projeto europeu desde a Declaração Schumann, sendo fundamental para o ótimo funcionamento da União. A dissertação advoga, assim, uma ação decisiva das instituições europeias para proteger os valores do artigo 2 TUE, em particular os direitos humanos e o Estado de Direito, em vez de prolongar a inércia institucional com a produção de mais legislação ineficaz e limitada.
O enquadramento teórico aborda o retrocesso democrático e do Estado de Direito na UE, enfatizando que as violações do artigo 2 TEU são identificadas não por incidentes isolados, mas sim por padrões sistemáticos. O estudo destaca por isso a necessidade de compreender o fenómeno de retrocesso democrático para enfrentar as ameaças subtis e incipientes dos autocratas do século vinte e um que subvertem os instrumentos da legitimidade democrática, especialmente através do uso, abuso e não uso da lei.
O estudo de caso da Hungria mostra que o risco de violação dos valores do artigo 2 TUE, segundo o artigo 7(1) TUE, já foi ultrapassado há muito tempo: existem várias evidências das constantes violações desses valores ao longo dos anos que justificam a ativação do braço sancionário do artigo 7 TUE. Porém, a resposta da UE revela falta de urgência, o torna o artigo 7 TUE e, por corolário, o artigo 2 TEU, obsoletos devido à ausência da vontade política para a sua aplicação efetiva.
A dissertação conclui advogando uma resposta conjunta da UE contra a Hungria através da ativação do artigo 7(2) e (3) TUE. Se a questão não for enfrentada, a UE arrisca tornar-se uma concha económica a longo prazo. Este trabalho contribui para o debate sobre a crise do Estado de Direito na UE, sublinhando que todas as instituições e EstadosMembros estão legalmente obrigados a promover e proteger os valores do artigo 2 TUE, conforme o princípio da cooperação leal do artigo 4 (3) do TUE.
This dissertation examines the phenomenon of democratic backsliding in Hungary, focusing on how the Hungarian government capitalises on the EU’s limited response to systematic breaches of Article 2 TEU values, especially the rule of law. The study addresses the urgency of triggering Article 7 TEU against Hungary, highlighting the dangers of prioritising political expediencies over protecting and enforcing the founding values. Through a historical analysis of the Treaties, the research shows that the rule of law has been a sine qua non of the European project since the Schuman Declaration, serving as a cornerstone of the Union’s effective functioning. Therefore, the study advocates decisive EU action to protect Article 2 TEU values instead of prolonging institutional inertia by producing limited legislation. The theoretical framework engages with existing scholarship on democratic backsliding and rule of law backsliding in the EU, emphasising that violations of Article 2 TEU in this context are identified through patterns of systematic erosion rather than isolated incidents. The study stresses the need to understand democratic backsliding to address subtle, incipient hard-to-detect threats posed by twenty-first-century would-be autocrats who subvert the instruments that confer democratic legitimacy — particularly through the use, abuse, and non-use of the law. The case study on Hungary provides practical insights in this regard. The analysis shows that the risk of a serious breach of Article 2 TEU values by Hungary is long past: the current situation amounts to persistent violations, supported by ample evidence justifying the activation of Article 7 TEU’s sanctioning mechanism. Regrettably, the EU’s response reveals a lack of urgency. This political inertia has thus rendered Article 7 TEU — and, by extension, Article 2 TEU — obsolete due to the absence of robust enforcement mechanisms. The dissertation concludes by advocating a concerted Union response against Hungary’s illiberal rule through the triggering of Articles 7(2) and (3) TEU. If left unaddressed, the EU risks becoming an economic shell in the long term. This work contributes to ongoing discussions about the rule of law crisis within the Union, underscoring that all institutions and Member States are legally bound to promote and protect Article 2 TEU under the principle of loyal cooperation in Article 4(3) TEU.
This dissertation examines the phenomenon of democratic backsliding in Hungary, focusing on how the Hungarian government capitalises on the EU’s limited response to systematic breaches of Article 2 TEU values, especially the rule of law. The study addresses the urgency of triggering Article 7 TEU against Hungary, highlighting the dangers of prioritising political expediencies over protecting and enforcing the founding values. Through a historical analysis of the Treaties, the research shows that the rule of law has been a sine qua non of the European project since the Schuman Declaration, serving as a cornerstone of the Union’s effective functioning. Therefore, the study advocates decisive EU action to protect Article 2 TEU values instead of prolonging institutional inertia by producing limited legislation. The theoretical framework engages with existing scholarship on democratic backsliding and rule of law backsliding in the EU, emphasising that violations of Article 2 TEU in this context are identified through patterns of systematic erosion rather than isolated incidents. The study stresses the need to understand democratic backsliding to address subtle, incipient hard-to-detect threats posed by twenty-first-century would-be autocrats who subvert the instruments that confer democratic legitimacy — particularly through the use, abuse, and non-use of the law. The case study on Hungary provides practical insights in this regard. The analysis shows that the risk of a serious breach of Article 2 TEU values by Hungary is long past: the current situation amounts to persistent violations, supported by ample evidence justifying the activation of Article 7 TEU’s sanctioning mechanism. Regrettably, the EU’s response reveals a lack of urgency. This political inertia has thus rendered Article 7 TEU — and, by extension, Article 2 TEU — obsolete due to the absence of robust enforcement mechanisms. The dissertation concludes by advocating a concerted Union response against Hungary’s illiberal rule through the triggering of Articles 7(2) and (3) TEU. If left unaddressed, the EU risks becoming an economic shell in the long term. This work contributes to ongoing discussions about the rule of law crisis within the Union, underscoring that all institutions and Member States are legally bound to promote and protect Article 2 TEU under the principle of loyal cooperation in Article 4(3) TEU.
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Hungria Estado de Direito regressão democrática União Europeia Artigo 7 TUE Hungary rule of law democratic backsliding European Union Article 7 TEU