http://hdl.handle.net/10362/2243 Wed, 22 May 2013 03:32:44 GMT 2013-05-22T03:32:44Z http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8664 Title: Ambivalent Islam: the identity construction of Muslims under Portuguese colonial rule Authors: Machaqueiro, Mário Abstract: This article wishes to contribute to the study of the historical processes that have been spotting Muslim populations as favourite targets for political analysis and governance. Focusing on the Portuguese archives, civil as well as military, the article tries to uncover the most conspicuous identity representations (mainly negative or ambivalent) that members of Portuguese colonial apparatus built around Muslim communities living in African colonies, particularly in Guinea- Bissau and Mozambique. The paper shows how these culturally and politically constructed images were related to the more general strategies by which Portuguese imagined their own national identity, both as ‘European’ and as ‘coloniser’ or ‘imperial people’. The basic assumption of this article is that policies enforced in a context of interethnic and religious competition are better understood when linked to the identity strategies inherent to them. These are conceived as strategic constructions aimed at the preservation, protection and imaginary expansion of the subject, who looks for groups to be included in and out-groups to reject, exclude, aggress or eliminate. The author argues that most of the inter-ethnic relationships and conflicts, as well as the very experience of ethnicity, are born from this identity matrix. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8664 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8418 Title: THE ISLAMIC POLICY OF PORTUGUESE COLONIAL MOZAMBIQUE, 1960-1973 Authors: Machaqueiro, Mário Abstract: Drawing its information from different documents in Portuguese and French archives, this article examines the evolution of Portuguese colonial policies regarding Islam, focusing the special case of Mozambique. Such policies evolved from an attitude of neglect and open repression, prevalent in the early years of the colonial war, when Muslims were perceived as main supporters of the anti-colonial guerrilla in northern Mozambique, to a more nuanced approach that tried to isolate ‘African Muslims’ from foreign influences in order to align them with the Portuguese combat against the anti-colonial movement. The article analyses the latter strategy, assessing its successes and failures and the contributions made by several actors that were engaged in this achievement: the Catholic Church, the core of political power and its local ramifications in the colonies. Sat, 01 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8418 2012-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10362/7511 Title: Ambivalent Islam: the identity construction of Muslims under Portuguese colonial rule Authors: Machaqueiro, Mário Abstract: This article wishes to contribute to the study of the historical processes that have been spotting Muslim populations as favourite targets for political analysis and governance. Focusing on the Portuguese archives, civil as well as military, the article tries to uncover the most conspicuous identity representations (mainly negative or ambivalent) that members of Portuguese colonial apparatus built around Muslim communities living in African colonies, particularly in Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique. The paper shows how these culturally and politically constructed images were related to the more general strategies by which Portuguese imagined their own national identity, both as ‘European’ and as ‘coloniser’ or ‘imperial people’. The basic assumption of this article is that policies enforced in a context of inter-ethnic and religious competition are better understood when linked to the identity strategies inherent to them. These are conceived as strategic constructions aimed at the preservation, the protection and the imaginary expansion of the subject, who looks for groups to be included in and out-groups to reject, exclude, aggress or eliminate. We think that most of the inter-ethnic relationships and conflicts, as well as the very experience of ethnicity, are born from this identity matrix. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10362/7511 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10362/2611 Title: Leaf-tool use for drinking water by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): acquisition patterns and handedness Authors: Sousa, Cláudia; Biro, Dora; Matsuzawa, Tetsuro Abstract: Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are known to make and use a variety of tools, activities which require them to employ their hands in a skilful manner. The learning process underlying the acquisition of tool-using skills, and the degree of laterality evident in both immature and mature performers are investigated here focusing on the use of leaves for drinking water by members of the Bossou chimpanzee community in Guinea, West Africa. In addition, comparisons are drawn between the present Wndings and our previous data on the cracking of oil-palm nuts (Elaeis guineensis) using stone tools by members of the same community. The use of leaves for drinking water emerges approximately 2 years earlier than nut cracking, at around the age of 1.5 years, although the manufacture of leaf tools begins only at 3.5 years of age. In addition, in clear contrast with nut cracking, the majority of chimpanzees are ambidextrous in their use of leaves, with only certain individuals showing a bias for one hand. We discuss possible explanations for the earlier emergence and increased ambidextrousness that characterises leaf-tool use in comparison with other forms of tool use by wild chimpanzees. In summary, our results provide the Wrst detailed description of the acquisition process underlying leaf-tool use along with the accompanying patterns of handedness, while also being the Wrst to provide comparisons of the development of diVerent forms of tool use within the same wild chimpanzee population. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10362/2611 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z